The dromedary camel; a review on the aspects of history, physical description, adaptations, behavior/lifecycle, diet, reproduction, uses, genetics and diseases

Some aspects of the life of the dromedary camel were examined based on available literature. The camel was said to be domesticated in the present day Oman about 4000 yrs ago. Two dominant species where named, the Camelus dromedary and Camelus bacterainus. Its name the “ship of the desert” was said to be given because of its usefulness to the desert nomads to whom the camel serves as beast of burden, draft animal and also a source of milk, meat, hides, hair and wool. Their ability to stay for long periods without water is one of the characteristics that make the camel of great importance due to the emergence of environmental challenges such as desert encroachment and global warming. The fast developing sport of camel racing has the potential of becoming an industry that will further enrich the economy and promote tourism in some Arab countries. The camel is also known to be susceptible to diseases like antrax, surra, helminthosis, salmonellosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis, pasturellosis, paratuberculosis, black quarter, pneumonia, and tetanus.Keywords: Camel, dromedary, origin, genus, uses, product

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries