Unpaid community volunteers – effective providers of directly observed therapy (DOT) in rural South Africa

Objective. To illustrate successes and difficulties for the South African National Tuberculosis Progranune in a rural area.Design. Prospective cohort study.Setting. Sekhukhuneland, Provincial Health Service Southern Region, Northern Province, South Africa.Subjects. All patients diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) in thecatchment area of four rural hospitals between January 1997 and June 1999,Main outcome measures. Standard outcomes for TB treatment as defined by the World Health Organisation. Treatment failure, treatment interruption and death were grouped as poor outcomes.Results. One thousand four hundred and seventy-six people were diagnosed with TB. The majority (76%) had smearpositive pulmonary disease. Treatment was given by directly observed therapy (DOT) throughout in all but 15 instances. Excluding 10 subjects with known multidrug-resistant TB (MDRTB), 723 (66%) were cured, 68 (6%) completed treatment, 73 (7%) interrupted treatment, 37 (3%) failed treatment, 66 (6%) transferred out, and 134 (12%) died. Of the 920 initially smear-positive patients who survived the first 2 months to receive DOT in the community, 693 (75%) were supervised by unpaid community volunteers. Poor outcomes were no more common among patients supervised by these volunteers than among patients supervised by professional health care workers. Male gender (odds ratio 1.38,95% confidence interval 1.02, 1.87) was significantly associated with a poor outcome.Conclusion. Although there were difficulties, the national progranune was successfully applied with no additional funds or facilities. Explanations for the high death rate and poor outcomes for men need to be found. Great efforts will be required to preserve the quality of the TB programme if it is devolved to primary care level

Biocatalytic production of enantiopure cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol using extracellular lipases from Bacillus subtilis

Two extracellular lipases from Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis lipase A and lipase B, have been expressed in the heterologous host Escherichia coli, biochemically characterized and used for the kinetic resolution of (rac)-trans-1,2-diacetoxycyclohexane. Both enzymes were selectively acting on the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic substrate, highly specifically hydrolyzing only one of the two ester groups present, thus allowing the preparation of enantiopure (R,R)- and (S,S)-cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol. The reaction conditions for the use of purified enzyme and crude cell lyophilizate were optimized and reactions in batch and repetitive batch modes were carried out on a preparative scale to yield enantiopure product (>99% enantiomeric excess)