Practice and problems of teaching bilingual audience

Artykuł podnosi problem uczenia się w procesie nauczania dwujęzycznych studentów szkół wyższych tradycyjnych dyscyplin na przykładzie dziedziny ubezpieczeń. Pojawiające się problemy zależą od rodzaju grupy: a) dwujęzyczni uczniowie uczący się w danej grupie podczas całego okresu szkolenia; b) dwujęzyczni uczniowie, którzy uczą się tylko wybranej dyscypliny. Artykuł dodatkowo prezentuje problematykę związaną z kwestią przygotowywania pomocy wizualnych. Podczas przygotowania audiowizualnych pomocy dydaktycznych należy mieć na uwadze to, że współczesny student ma ogromne doświadczenie w zakresie obsługi komputera i posiada szczególną percepcję informacji. Studenci dwujęzyczni wymagają zastosowania prezentacji wykładanego przedmiotu maksymalnie zbliżonej do form przez nich preferowanych, podczas gdy zawartość nie powinna być zmieniana. Celem właściwego zarządzania procesem uczenia się opracowano materiały dla grup dwujęzycznych, a także dodatkowe materiały i prezentacje dla studentów władających poszczególnymi językami. Autorka analizuje kwestie doświadczenia, pojawiających się trudności oraz napotykanych błędów.The article raises a problem of learning practice in teaching traditional disciplines on the example of the insurance learning by the bilingual audience in the higher school. The problems exist depending on the type of audience: а) audience which is bilingual by the composition of a group for the whole learning period; b) audience which is bilingual for learning a specific discipline only. The article also presents a problem of preparing the visual information. During the preparation of the study information and creating the presentations it is necessary to take into account that the modern student audience has a wide operational computer experience and it has a specific “comic” perception of information. The bilingual audience learning requires the use of the presentation of the visual information approximated at maximum to the forms preferred by the student audience and the content of a material should not be changed. For the learning process management the system of the bilingual lecture material, presentations and additional single-language material preparing for each language audience has been developed. The author analyses the practical experience, problems and mistakes

Physiology and pharmacology of flatworm muscle

Pharmacological characterization of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels (VOCCs), in both free-living and parasitic flatworms, has been difficult since the currents carried by these channels are small in amplitude and run down quickly. While the presence of VOCCs in the parasite Schistosoma mansoni has been evident from molecular data, they have escaped pharmacological characterization. In this study, we have been able to consistently record inward currents carried by VOCCs in isolated S. mansoni muscle fibers, using whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique in voltage-clamp mode. Inward voltage-activated current was recorded, under conditions that suppressed outward K+ conductance, by the replacement of internal K+ with Cs+ and enhanced with 15.0 mM Ba 2+ as a charge carrier in addition to 2.0 mM Ca2+ (I Ca/Ba). Whole cell ICa/Ba was obtained from frayed muscle fibers by depolarizing them for 200 ms from a holding potential of -70 mV to +20 mV. A relatively small proportion of cells tested (less than 30%) had currents with amplitudes amenable to pharmacological characterization using common VOCCs blockers and neuropeptides. Currents showed little evidence of inactivation within the period of the 200 ms depolarizing pulse. Currents were sensitive to the phenylalkylamine VOCC blocker verapamil, which reduced their amplitude in concentration-dependent manner. The platyhelminth-derived FMRFamide-like peptide (FLP) YIRFamide significantly increased current amplitude at 1muM. YIRFamide\u27s ability to amplify the inward currents was reduced when verapamil was simultaneously present in the perfusion solution, indicating possible VOCCs involvement in carrying Ca2+ influx triggered by the flatworm FLP

THE PROBLEM OF VIOLENCE THROUGH THE PRISM OF ETHICS

Насилие – важная проблема современного общества. Понятие и сущность насилия в данной статье рассматривается в свете концепций известных философов ХХ века – Э. Фромма, А.А. Гусейнова, Р.Г. Апресяна.Violence is an important problem in modern society. The concept and essence of violence in this article is considered in the light of the concepts of famous philosophers of the twentieth century – E. Fromm, A.A. Huseynov, R.G. Apresyan

Genetic Metabolic Complementation Establishes a Requirement for GDP-Fucose in \u3cem\u3eLeishmania\u3c/em\u3e

To survive in its sand fly vector, the trypanosomatid protozoan parasite Leishmania first attaches to the midgut to avoid excretion, but eventually it must detach for transmission by the next bite. In Leishmania major strain Friedlin, this is controlled by modifications of the stage-specific adhesin lipophosphoglycan (LPG). During differentiation to infective metacyclics, d-arabinopyranose (d-Arap) caps the LPG side-chain galactose residues, blocking interaction with the midgut lectin PpGalec, thereby leading to parasite detachment and transmission. Previously, we characterized two closely related L. major genes (FKP40 and AFKP80) encoding bifunctional proteins with kinase/pyrophosphorylase activities required for salvage and conversion of l-fucose and/or d-Arap into the nucleotide-sugar substrates required by glycosyltransferases. Whereas only AFKP80 yielded GDP-d-Arap from exogenous d-Arap, both proteins were able to salvage l-fucose to GDP-fucose. We now show that Δafkp80− null mutants ablated d-Arap modifications of LPG as predicted, whereas Δfkp40− null mutants resembled wild type (WT). Fucoconjugates had not been reported previously in L. major, but unexpectedly, we were unable to generate fkp40−/afkp80− double mutants, unless one of the A/FKPs was expressed ectopically. To test whether GDP-fucose itself was essential for Leishmania viability, we employed “genetic metabolite complementation.” First, the trypanosome de novo pathway enzymes GDP-mannose dehydratase (GMD) and GDP-fucose synthetase (GMER) were expressed ectopically; from these cells, the Δfkp40−/Δafkp80− double mutant was now readily obtained. As expected, the Δfkp40−/Δafkp80−/+TbGMD-GMER line lacked the capacity to generate GDP-Arap, while synthesizing abundant GDP-fucose. These results establish a requirement for GDP-fucose for L. major viability and predict the existence of an essential fucoconjugate(s)

Tris(diisopropyl­ammonium) hydrogensulfate sulfate

The cations and anions of the title salt, 3C6H16N+·HSO4 −·SO4 2−, are linked by N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. The hydrogensulfate ion, with a single S—O(H) bond of 1.563 (2) Å, forms a short O—H⋯O hydrogen bond [O⋯O = 2.609 (2) Å] to the sulfate ion. The hydrogensulfate ion accepts two hydrogen bonds from two cations, whereas the sulfate ion, as an acceptor, binds to four cations. The sulfate ion is disordered approximately equally over two sites related by rotation around one of the O—S bonds

TRANSLATION OF THE TRAVEL WEB PORTAL TEXT CONTENT AS A WAY TO GLOBALIZE REGION BRAND

The article presents an analysis of the translation of the Volgograd and Volgograd region travel web portal from Russian into English and German within the aspect of the globalization process and promotion of the region brand. The authors concentrate their attention on the origin of functionally equivalent translation directed toward the linguo-cultural and pragmatic adaptation of the source tourist texts for a global recipient. The paper reveals that the translator is to choose a comprehensive strategy to create a globalized version of the travel web portal, that is to preserve the optimal amount of general information, eliminate information irrelevant for the global recipient, minimize the loss of the key information important from the pragmatic perspective of creating a globalised version of the target text, and, if appropriate, add more detailed or explanatory information which can better provide obtaining of the information about foreign culture and history by a foreign recepient. The efficient translation of the text content of the travel web portal aimed at a "global recipient" is achieved and provided by translation technologies chosen by the translator in accordance with the discourse determined strategies. Such technologies create functionally equivalent translation opportunity: the source text is adapted for a "global recipient" by considering culturally important and pragmatically adequate situation context