30 research outputs found
Coherent population trapping resonances with linearly polarized light for all-optical miniature atomic clocks
We present a joint theoretical and experimental characterization of the
coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance excited on the D1 line of 87Rb
atoms by bichromatic linearly polarized laser light. We observe high-contrast
transmission resonances (up to 25%), which makes this excitation scheme
promising for miniature all-optical atomic clock applications. We also
demonstrate cancellation of the first-order light shift by proper choice of the
frequencies and relative intensities of the two laser field components. Our
theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the experimental results.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
Investigation Of Technological Properties Of Powder Of Eggplants
The aim of the article is to study and to generalize technological properties of eggplant powder, produced by infrared drying at temperatures 50-60 ΒΊΠ‘. The results of the conducted complex of studies reflect main technological and consumption properties of the received puree that plays an important role at creating new culinary products.So, for studying technological properties of food eggplant powder, there was considered the complex of base functional-technological properties of powder, produced by infrared drying.For finding optimal conditions of rehydration of eggplant powders, there was studied the influence of such technological factors as: swelling ability; liquid; powder ratio; influence of the solvent temperature on renovation; renovation duration; degree of comminution of powders.Main parameters that influence the renovation ability of dried eggplants are investigated and studied in the article. The results of the studies of technological properties of eggplant powders prove their high rehydration properties. It gives a possibility to use powders at producing different culinary products not only for enriching them with functional ingredients, but also for giving them new technological properties.Based on the obtained results, there was elaborated and presented the new technological scheme of using renewed powders in food compositions
Direct optical generation of singlet oxygen in the regulation of vascular tone
An approach to visualization of the vascular bed with the possibility of assessing changes in blood filling and identifying diagnostically significant periodic changes in the signal by analyzing speckle images is proposed. The effect of singlet oxygen by direct excitation of an oxygen molecule by 1267 nm laser radiation on changes in the vascular bed parameters was studied using this approach
The development of attenuation compensation models of fluorescence spectroscopy signals
This study examines the effect of blood absorption on the endogenous fluorescence signal intensity of biological tissues. Experimental studies were conducted to identify these effects. To register the fluorescence intensity, the fluorescence spectroscopy method was employed. The intensity of the blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. We proposed one possible implementation of the Monte Carlo method for the theoretical analysis of the effect of blood on the fluorescence signals. The simulation is constructed as a four-layer skin optical model based on the known optical parameters of the skin with different levels of blood supply. With the help of the simulation, we demonstrate how the level of blood supply can affect the appearance of the fluorescence spectra. In addition, to describe the properties of biological tissue, which may affect the fluorescence spectra, we turned to the method of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Using the spectral data provided by the DRS, the tissue attenuation effect can be extracted and used to correct the fluorescence spectra
The blood perfusion and NADH/FAD content combined analysis in patients with diabetes foot
Skin blood microcirculation and the metabolism activity of tissue were examined on the patients with type 2 diabetes. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) with 1064 nm laser light source and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) with excitation light of 365 nm and 450 nm have been used to monitor the blood perfusion and the content of coenzymes NADH and FAD. Concluding, the proposed combined LDF and tissue FS approach allows to identify the significant violations in the blood microcirculation and metabolic activity for type 2 diabetes patients
Genomic features of resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumonia</i>, isolated from the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric hospital patients
Introduction. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (CP-Kp), which are international high-risk clones, have become a problem of utmost importance. CP-Kps, adapting to the hospital environment, evolve into convergent pathotypes. Such variants combine traits of two genetic lineages: multidrug resistant (MDR) and hypervirulent. The pathotypes, along with MDR K. pneumoniae, pose an exceptional threat to young patients during systemic infection.
The objective of this study is the detailed molecular genetic analysis of MDR isolates of K. pneumoniae detected during the monitoring of resistant Gram-negative bacteria at the National Medical Research Center for Childrenβs Health in 2014β2021.
Materials and methods. Whole-genome sequencing with a subsequent bioinformatics analysis of eight MDR isolates from the bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid.
Results. MDR isolates belonged to 4 sublineages (SL): SL307, SL395, SL29 and SL1198. In the genomes of 6 pangrug-resistant (PDR) isolates, genes associated with resistance to all categories of antibiotics recommended for Enterobacteriaceae therapy were identified. Plasmids were present in all genomes. In 6 isolates, plasmids contained heavy metal ion resistance operons in addition to antibiotic resistance genes. Prophages within the plasmids were also involved in the transfer of resistance genes. The ST395 isolate from the cerebrospinal fluid belonged to the convergent pathotype in terms of resistance and virulence. Comparison of genomes within SLs revealed recombination events in the K- and O-locus regions and the Yersiniabactin operon.
Conclusion. Thus, in a sample of resistant K. pneumoniae isolated from bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid, 6 PDR isolates were detected, one of which belongs to the convergent pathotype ST395
Safety and efficacy of convalescent plasma for COVID-19: the preliminary results of a clinical trial
Background. The lack of effective etiotropic therapy for COVID-19 has prompted researchers around the globe to seekr various methods of SARS-CoV-2 elimination, including the use of convalescent plasma.
Aim. The aim of this work was to study the safety and efficacy of the convalescence plasma treatment of severe COVID-19 using the plasma containing specific antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S protein in a titer of at least 1:1000.
Methods. A single-center, randomized, prospective clinical study was performed at the FRCC FMBA of Russia with the participation of 86 patients who were stratified in two groups. The first group included 20 critically ill patients who were on mechanical ventilation the second group included 66 patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 and with spontaneous respiration. The patients in the second group were randomized into two cohorts in a ratio of 2:1. In the first cohort (46 patients), pathogen-reduced convalescent plasma was transfused (twice, 320 ml each), in the second cohort (20 patients) a similar amount of non-immune freshly frozen plasma was transfused to the patients.
Results. The use of plasma of convalescents in patients with severe COVID-19 being on mechanical ventilation does not affect the disease outcome in these patients. The mortality rate in this group was 60%, which corresponds to the average mortality of COVID patients on mechanical ventilation in our hospital. In the second group, clinical improvement was detected in 75% and 51%, for convalescent and non-immune plasma, respectively. Of the 46 people who received convalescent plasma, three patients (6.5%) were transferred to mechanical ventilation, two of them died. In the group receiving non-immune plasma, the need for mechanical ventilation also arose in three patients (15%), of which two died. The hospital mortality in the group of convalescent plasma was 4.3%, which is significantly lower than the average COVID-19 hospital mortality at our Center (6.73%) and more than two times lower than the hospital mortality in the control group (n=150), matched by age and by the disease severity.
Conclusions. Thus, we demonstrated a relative safety of convalescent plasma transfusion and the effectiveness of such therapy for COVID-19 at least in terms of the survival of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory failure without mechanical ventilation. In the absence of bioengineered neutralizing antibodies and effective etiotropic therapy, the use of hyperimmune convalescent plasma is the simplest and most effective method of specific etiopathogenetic therapy of severe forms of COVID-19
Π£ΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ: Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΠ°Π½ΠΆΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ: 1) ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, 2) ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, 3) ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ 4 ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ (3 ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°), ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ (8 ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²), Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ (2 ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°), Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ (8 ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²), ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ)
ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ 7 Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π·ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΉΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠΉΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ, Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ, Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. Π£Π³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
Π°ΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ: Π°Π»ΡΠ³ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ; ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅; Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅, Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ»Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
, Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΉΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°: ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. Π ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ½Π³ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ