Nonsingular FRW cosmology and nonlinear electrodynamics

The possibility to avoid the cosmic initial singularity as a consequence of nonlinear effects on the Maxwell eletromagnetic theory is discussed. For a flat FRW geometry we derive the general nonsingular solution supported by a magnetic field plus a cosmic fluid and a nonvanishing vacuum energy density. The nonsingular behavior of solutions with a time-dependent $\Lambda(t)$-term are also examined. As a general result, it is found that the functional dependence of $\Lambda(t)$ can uniquely be determined only if the magnetic field remains constant. All these models are examples of bouncing universes which may exhibit an inflationary dynamics driven by the nonlinear corrections of the magnetic field.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure

In search of the QCD-Gravity correspondence

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the fundamental theory of strong interactions. It describes the behavior of quarks and gluons which are the smallest known constituents of nuclear matter. The difficulties in solving the theory at low energies in the strongly interacting, non-perturbative regime have left unanswered many important questions in QCD, such as the nature of confinement or the mechanism of hadronization. In these lectures oriented towards the students we introduce two classes of dualities that attempt to reproduce many of the features of QCD, while making the treatment at strong coupling more tractable: (1) the AdS/CFT correspondence between a specific class of string theories and a conformal field theory and (2) an effective low-energy theory of QCD dual to classical QCD on a curved conformal gravitational background. The hope is that by applying these dualities to the evaluation of various properties of the strongly-interacting matter produced in heavy ion collisions one can understand how QCD behaves at strong coupling. We give an outline of the applications, with emphasis on two transport coefficients of QCD matter -- shear and bulk viscosities.Comment: 31 pages, 7 figures; Lectures delivered by D. Kharzeev at the International QGP Winter School, Jaipur, India, February 1-3, 200

Closed Timelike Curves and Holography in Compact Plane Waves

We discuss plane wave backgrounds of string theory and their relation to Goedel-like universes. This involves a twisted compactification along the direction of propagation of the wave, which induces closed timelike curves. We show, however, that no such curves are geodesic. The particle geodesics and the preferred holographic screens we find are qualitatively different from those in the Goedel-like universes. Of the two types of preferred screen, only one is suited to dimensional reduction and/or T-duality, and this provides a ``holographic protection'' of chronology. The other type of screen, relevant to an observer localized in all directions, is constructed both for the compact and non-compact plane waves, a result of possible independent interest. We comment on the consistency of field theory in such spaces, in which there are closed timelike (and null) curves but no closed timelike (or null) geodesics.Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures, LaTe

Parametric amplification of metric fluctuations through a bouncing phase

We clarify the properties of the behavior of classical cosmological perturbations when the Universe experiences a bounce. This is done in the simplest possible case for which gravity is described by general relativity and the matter content has a single component, namely a scalar field in a closed geometry. We show in particular that the spectrum of scalar perturbations can be affected by the bounce in a way that may depend on the wave number, even in the large scale limit. This may have important implications for string motivated models of the early Universe.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figures, LaTeX-ReVTeX format, version to match Phys. Rev.

Big bounce from spin and torsion

The Einstein-Cartan-Sciama-Kibble theory of gravity naturally extends general relativity to account for the intrinsic spin of matter. Spacetime torsion, generated by spin of Dirac fields, induces gravitational repulsion in fermionic matter at extremely high densities and prevents the formation of singularities. Accordingly, the big bang is replaced by a bounce that occurred when the energy density $\epsilon\propto gT^4$ was on the order of $n^2/m_\textrm{Pl}^2$ (in natural units), where $n\propto gT^3$ is the fermion number density and $g$ is the number of thermal degrees of freedom. If the early Universe contained only the known standard-model particles ($g\approx 100$), then the energy density at the big bounce was about 15 times larger than the Planck energy. The minimum scale factor of the Universe (at the bounce) was about $10^{32}$ times smaller than its present value, giving \approx 50 \mum. If more fermions existed in the early Universe, then the spin-torsion coupling causes a bounce at a lower energy and larger scale factor. Recent observations of high-energy photons from gamma-ray bursts indicate that spacetime may behave classically even at scales below the Planck length, supporting the classical spin-torsion mechanism of the big bounce. Such a classical bounce prevents the matter in the contracting Universe from reaching the conditions at which a quantum bounce could possibly occur.Comment: 6 pages; published versio

Unconventional Cosmology

I review two cosmological paradigms which are alternative to the current inflationary scenario. The first alternative is the "matter bounce", a non-singular bouncing cosmology with a matter-dominated phase of contraction. The second is an "emergent" scenario, which can be implemented in the context of "string gas cosmology". I will compare these scenarios with the inflationary one and demonstrate that all three lead to an approximately scale-invariant spectrum of cosmological perturbations.Comment: 45 pages, 10 figures; invited lectures at the 6th Aegean Summer School "Quantum Gravity and Quantum Cosmology", Chora, Naxos, Greece, Sept. 12 - 17 2012, to be publ. in the proceedings; these lecture notes form an updated version of arXiv:1003.1745 and arXiv:1103.227

Talisia Esculenta Lectin And Larval Development Of Callosobruchus Maculatus And Zabrotes Subfasciatus (coleoptera: Bruchidae)

Bruchid larvae cause major losses in grain legume crops throughout the world. Some bruchid species, such as the cowpea weevil and the Mexican bean weevil, are pests that damage stored seeds. Plant lectins have been implicated as antibiosis factors against insects, particularly the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus. Talisia esculenta lectin (TEL) was tested for anti-insect activity against C. maculatus and Zabrotes subfasciatus larvae. TEL produced ca. 90% mortality to these bruchids when incorporated in an artificial diet at a level of 2% (w/w). The LD50 and ED50 for TEL was ca. 1% (w/w) for both insects. TEL was not digested by midgut preparations of C. maculatus and Z. subfasciatus. The transformation of the genes coding for this lectin could be useful in the development of insect resistance in important agricultural crops. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.157128388Latunde-Dada, A.O., Genetic manipulation of the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) 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Structural And Functional Characterization Of Basic Pla2 Isolated From Crotalus Durissus Terrificus Venom

The venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC to obtain crotapotins (F5 and F7) and PLA2 (F15, F16, and F17) of high purity. The phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) and crotapotins showed antimicrobial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae, although the unseparated crotoxin did not. The F17 of the PLA 2 also revealed significant anticoagulant activity, althrough for this to occur the presence of Glu 53 and Trp 61 is important. The F17 of the PLA2 showed allosteric behavior in the presence of a synthetic substrate. The amino acid sequence of this PLA2 isoform, determined by automatic sequencing, was HLLQFNKMLKFETRK NAVPFYAFGCYCGWGGQRRPKDATDRCCFVHDCCYEKVTKCNTKWDFYRYSLKSGY ITCGKGTWCKEQICECDRVAAECLRRSLSTYKNEYMFYPDSRCREPSETC. Analysis showed that the sequence of this PLA2 isoform differed slightly from the amino acid sequence of the basic crotoxin subunit reported in the literature. The homology with other crotalid PLA2 cited in the lit-erature varied from 60% to 90%. The pL was estimated to be 8.15, and the calculated molecular weight was 14664.14 as determined by Tricine SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional electrophoresis, and MALDI-TOFF. These results also suggested that the enzymatic activity plays an important role in the bactericidal effect of the F17 PLA2 as well as that of anticoagulation, although other regions of the molecule may also be involved in this biological activity. © 2002 Plenum Publishing Corporation.213161168Aird, S.D., Kaiser, I.I., (1985) Biochemistry, 24, pp. 7054-7058Aird, S.D., Kruggel, W.G., Kaiser, I.I., (1985) Toxicon, 28, pp. 669-673Anderson, N.L., Anderson, N.G., (1991) Electrophoresis, 12, pp. 883-906Beghini, D.G., Toyama, M.H., Hyslop, S., Sodek, L., Novello, J.C., Marangoni, S., (2000) J. Prot. Chem., 19, pp. 603-607Breithaupt, H., (1976) Toxicon, 14, pp. 221-233Carredano, B., Westerlind, B., Persson, M., Saareinen, S., Ramaswamy, D., Eaker, H., Eklund, M.W., (1998) Toxicon, 36, pp. 75-92Cho, W., Kezdy, F.J., (1991) Methods Enzymol., 23, pp. 75-79Faure, G., Choumet, V., Bouchier, C., Camoin, L., Guillaume, J.L., Monegier, B., Vuilhorgne, M., Bon, C., (1994) Eur. J. Biochem., 223, pp. 161-164Faure, G., Guillaume, J.L., Camoin, L., Saliou, B., Bon, C., (1991) Biochemistry, 30, pp. 8074-8083Gutierrez, J.M., Lomonte, B., (1995) Toxicon., 33, pp. 1405-1424Habermann, E., Breithaupt, H., (1978) Toxicon., 16, pp. 19-30Hendon, R.A., Fraenkel-Conrat, H., (1976) Toxicon., 14, pp. 283-289Holzer, M., Mackessy, S.P., (1996) Toxicon., 34, pp. 1149-1155Kini, R.M., Evans, H.J., (1989) Toxicon., 27, pp. 613-635Kini, R.M., Evans, H.J., (1987) J. Biol. Chem., 262, pp. 14402-14407Lambeau, G., Ancian, P., Nicolas, J.P., Cupillard, L., Zvaritch, E., Lazdunski, M., (1996) Seances Soc. Biol. Fil., 190, pp. 425-435Lomonte, B., Moreno, E., Tarkowski, A., Hanson, L.A., Maccarana, M., (1994) J. Biol. Chem., 269, pp. 29867-29873Paramo, L., Lomonte, B., Pizarro-Cerda, J., Bengoechea, J.A., Gorvel, J.P., Moreno, E., (1998) Eur. J. Biochem., 253, pp. 452-461Pieterson, W.A., Volwerk, J.J., Haas, G.H., (1974) Biochemistry, 13, pp. 1439-1445Rubsamen, K., Breithaupt, H., Habermann, E., (1971) Arch. Pharmacol., 270, pp. 274-288Schagger, H., Von Jagow, G., (1987) Anal. Biochem., 166, pp. 368-379Selistre De Araujo, H.S., White, S.P., Ownby, C.L., (1996) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 326, pp. 21-30Shiomi, K.A., Kazama, A., Shimakura, K., Nagashima, Y., (1998) Toxicon, 36, pp. 589-599Soares, A.M., Andrião-Escaso, S.H., Bortoleto, R.K., Rodrigues-Simioni, L., Arni, R.K., Ward, R.J., Gutierrez, J.M., Giglio, J.R., (2001) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 387, pp. 188-196Toyama, M.H., Soares, A.M., Wen-Hwa, L., Polikarpov, I., Giglio, J.R., Marangoni, S., (2000) Biochimie, 82, pp. 245-250Verheij, H.M., Boffa, M.C., Rothen, C., Bryckaert, M.C., Verger, R., De Hass, G.H., (1980) Eur. J. Biochem., 112, pp. 25-32Zhao, K., Zhou, Y., Lin, Z., (2000) Toxicon., 38, pp. 901-91

Cytotoxic Action In Myoblasts And Myotubes (c2c12) And Enzymatic Characterization Of A New Phospholipase A2 Isoform (bj-v) From Bothrops Jararacussu Venom

A new PLA2 Bj-V from Bothrops jararacussu (14039.49 Da determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry) was isolated in only one chromatographic step by HPLC ion-exchange and its purity was confirmed by reverse phase. Amino acid analysis showed a high content of hydrophobic and basic amino acids as well as 14 half-cysteine residues. The N-terminal sequence (DLWQFGQMIL KETGKIPFPY YGAYGCYCGW GGRGGKPKDG TDRCCYVHD . . .) showed a high degree of homology with basic D49 PLA2 myotoxins from other Bothrops venoms. Bj V showed discrete sigmoidal enzymatic behavior, with maximal activity at pH 8.4 and 35-40°C. Full PLA2 activity required Ca 2+ (10 mM) and there was little catalytic activity in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+.The addition of Mn2+ or Mg2+ (10 mM) in the presence of low (1 mM) Ca2+ slightly increased the enzyme activity, whereas Zn2+ and Cu2+ (10 mM) diminished the activity. The substitution of Ca2+ for Mg2+ or Cu 2+ also reduced the enzymatic activity. 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Structural And Biological Characterization Of Two Crotamine Isoforms Iv-2 And Iv-3 Isolated From The Crotalus Durissus Cumanensis Venom (protein Journal (2007) 26, 8, (533-540) Doi: 10.1007/s10930-007-9094-z)

[No abstract available]283-419