Evaluation of the middle ear in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by gross anatomy and cone-beam computed tomography

Background: The purpose of this study was to provide a description of gross middle ear morphology in water buffaloes, augmented with additional data on the osseous structures of middle ear derived from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: Skulls of 10 young adult male water buffaloes were used to examine their middle ears. Results: Anatomical features noted included the presence of tympanic cells in the tympanic bulla, the location of malleus head and neck, and all of incus in the dorsal epitympanic recess, the oval tympanic membrane, absence of a prominent notch on the articular surface of malleus, positional variations of the lateral process of malleus relative to the muscular process and muscular process relative to the rostral process of malleus, absence of complete coverage of the articular facet of malleus head by incus body, and presence of the lenticular process of incus. In CBCT images, the osseous part of external acoustic meatus, the petrous part of temporal bone and the details of the ossicles were seen, except for stapes. Conclusions: Although tympanic membrane, malleus and stapes of water buffaloes are similar to those of ox, the incus of water buffaloes is more similar to that of goats. The heaviest ossicles among the ruminants studied belonged to water buffaloes; the mean length of malleus head and neck, total length and width of incus body as well as length of stapes head were greatest in water buffaloes too. The auditory ossicles of water buffaloes show ‘transitional type’ morphological characteristics. These features suggest a relatively wide frequency range of hearing, but not one biased towards especially low or especially high frequencies

Distribution of Energy-Momentum in a Schwarzschild-Quintessence Space-time Geometry

An analysis of the energy-momentum localization for a four-dimensional\break Schwarzschild black hole surrounded by quintessence is presented in order to provide expressions for the distributions of energy and momentum. The calculations are performed by using the Landau-Lifshitz and Weinberg energy-momentum complexes. It is shown that all the momenta vanish, while the expression for the energy depends on the mass $M$ of the black hole, the state parameter $w_{q}$ and the normalization factor $c$. The special case of $w_{q}=-2/3$ is also studied, and two limiting cases are examined.Comment: 9 page

Impact assessment of master plan of "attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products" on Bushehr city environment: A case study, Shoghab research station

This study is a part of the national and technology master plan entitled "Attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products". The goals of this work were to assess the environmental effects of Specific Pathogen Free shrimp production complex on surrounded region in Persian Gulf (Shoghab) research station in Bushehr city. The environmental impacts were assessed in Persian Gulf (Shoghab) research station in Bushehr city by usage of simple checklist for impacts prediction, and scaling check list for assessment during Feb 2012 till Sep 2014. Flushing the effluents to the sea is the biggest concern of this project that can resulted in health impacts on aquatic and human communities that can be avoided by treatment. Low diversity in activities beside lack of environmental sensitive elements in the region leads us to use of scaling check list for impact assessment. Environmental grade of each activity can be achieved by stratification of them according to their intensity, significance and scale. We reached +320 and -198 for positive and negative points respectively that sounds a clear yes for execution choice

Impact assessment of master plan of "attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products" on Bushehr city environment: A case study, Shoghab research station

This study is a part of the national and technology master plan entitled "Attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products". The goals of this work were to assess the environmental effects of Specific Pathogen Free shrimp production complex on surrounded region in Persian Gulf (Shoghab) research station in Bushehr city. The environmental impacts were assessed in Bandragah research station in Bushehr city by usage of comprehensive method for impacts prediction, and Pastakia Matrix for assessment during Feb 2012 till Sep 2014. Results showed 8 negative and 3 positive environmental factors that affect by operating phase including 48% very slightly negative and 44.5% slightly positive and 7.5% very slightly positive effects. Although there is no significant different between negative and positive effects but based on national strategy on getting the technology doing such a projects is highly recommended. By the usage of technical methods in effluents treatment control and reduction of bad impacts is achievable

Ecological interaction between commercial fishes in the Persian Gulf

An ecosystem-based management fishery is a new way of looking at management of living resources. Trophic levels of basic food items, feeding habits, growth and mortality rate of 20 exploited fish species (including commercial and bycatch) are investigated in the Persian Gulf (from the provinces of Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan) from 2010 to 2012. The model considers trophic interactions among 12 functional group of the ecosystem involving Phytoplankton, Zeoplankton, Cephalopods, Shrimp, Infauna Benthos, Epifaunal Macrobenthos, Demersal Zoobenthos Feeders, Small Pelagic Planktivorous Fish, Benthoplagic Feeder, Piscivorous, Large Benthic Carnivores And Small Benthic Carnivores. In general 7452 of stomach contents samples were analyzed based on the weight and numerical method and were detected about 40 preys. The results demonstrated gaps in our knowledge on the food web structure. The mean trophic levels were varied from L. klunzingeri (2) to S. tumbil (4.64), while the total catch of some species were fluctuating widely. Result of our study showed that Total mortality varied between 0.45 per year (A. suppositus) to 9.5 per year (P. indicus) and food consumption rate also fluctuated by 1.9 (L. johni ) to 89 (L. lineolatus). The results indicated that some fish species including sardine, Anchovies, small carangids, S. stridens with high frequency in ecosystem, have been occupied in the food web as a wasp-waist. The model showed that most hunters groups live in middle levels in the food web such as N. japonicas, A. latus, P. kaakan, L. nebolusus, P. indicus and T. lepturus . Analysis the catch rate during 2001-2011 reveled that there is a clear trend of declining most of fish species catches in this research except for T. lepturus, P. kaakan and sparids which lead to upset the fundamental ecological balance of the Persian Gulf in future

Environmental risk assessment of the activity of specific pathogen free shrimp production centers

This study is a part of the national and technology master plan entitled "Attain to technical knowledge of specific pathogen free shrimp production and cut off to dependence on foreign products". The goals of this work were to assess and analysis the risk factors of production of specific pathogen free Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp in its all stages (broodstocking, laravl production, shrimp farming, feeding and water quality), determining the pattern of outcomes monitoring, management and control of outcomes from April 2012 to September 2015 in Bandargah research station and Persian Gulf SPF Shrimp research station and their environment, belonging to Shrimp Research Center, located in Bushehr. Identification and screening of risk factors have been done based on Environment Aspect and Effect Analysis method, (EA)2, using a fine statement questionnaire and quantification of risks. The number of identified risk factors in Bandargah research station was 15 while it was 13 in Persian Gulf SPF Shrimp research station. The more number of risk factors in Bandargah station in respect to its number in Persian Gulf station is might due to lower level of biosecurity, physical structure and aging of Bandargah station and existence of two possible source of contamination, the Bushehr nuclear power plant pollutants and Bandargah fishing harbor, near to the station. On the basis of results, the maximum values of APN in Bandargah station was 42 while it was 30 in Persian Gulf station. These results revealed that the level of risk in Bandargah station is lower than that in Persian Gulf station. The most probable risks in both studied research stations are related to transmission of pathogens in shrimp feeding and water intake pollution