69 research outputs found
2014 Fed Challenge Script: Current State of the Economy
Good afternoon everyone and thank you for having us here today. Though the recession began in 2007 and officially ended in 2009, recovery has been painfully slow. GDP growth has been insufficient to close the output gap, there continues to be slack in the labor market and inflation has stabilized below the Federal Reserve percent target. We are not meeting our dual mandate of full employment and stable prices even 6 years after the end of the recession. Despite some signs of strengthening in the economy during the past year, we do not believe that economy is on a self-sustaining path of recovery. Furthermore, the monetary policy actions taken by the Fed thus far to pull us out of the Great Recession have been insufficient. We propose a substantial strengthening of the our forward guidance; specifically, a commitment not to raise the federal funds rate until nominal GDP has returned to a path that we consider consistent with the dual mandate. [excerpt
Mechanical Bonds and Topological Effects in Radical Dimer Stabilization
While mechanical bonding stabilizes tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) radical dimers, the question arises: what role does topology play in catenanes containing TTF units? Here, we report how topology, together with mechanical bonding, in isomeric [3]- and doubly interlocked [2]catenanes controls the formation of TTF radical dimers within their structural frameworks, including a ring-in-ring complex (formed between an organoplatinum square and a {2+2} macrocyclic polyether containing two 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) and two TTF units) that is topologically isomeric with the doubly interlocked [2]catenane. The separate TTF units in the two {1+1} macrocycles (each containing also one DNP unit) of the isomeric [3]catenane exhibit slightly different redox properties compared with those in the {2+2} macrocycle present in the [2]catenane, while comparison with its topological isomer reveals substantially different redox behavior. Although the stabilities of the mixed-valence (TTF2)^(•+) dimers are similar in the two catenanes, the radical cationic (TTF^(•+))_2 dimer in the [2]catenane occurs only fleetingly compared with its prominent existence in the [3]catenane, while both dimers are absent altogether in the ring-in-ring complex. The electrochemical behavior of these three radically configurable isomers demonstrates that a fundamental relationship exists between topology and redox properties
An Interconverting Family of Coordination Cages and a meso-Helicate; Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Solvent on the Product Distribution of a Self-Assembly Process
The
self-assembly between a water-soluble bis-bidentate ligand
L<sup>18w</sup> and Co(II) salts in water affords three high-spin
Co(II) products: a dinuclear <i>meso</i>-helicate [Co<sub>2</sub>(L<sup>18w</sup>)<sub>3</sub>]X<sub>4</sub>; a tetrahedral
cage [Co<sub>4</sub>(L<sup>18w</sup>)<sub>6</sub>]X<sub>8</sub>; and
a dodecanuclear truncated-tetrahedral cage [Co<sub>12</sub>(L<sup>18w</sup>)<sub>18</sub>]X<sub>24</sub> (X = BF<sub>4</sub> or ClO<sub>4</sub>). All three products were crystallized under different conditions
and structurally characterized. In [Co<sub>2</sub>(L<sup>18w</sup>)<sub>3</sub>]X<sub>4</sub> all three bridging ligands span a pair
of metal ions; in the two larger products, there is a metal ion at
each vertex of the Co<sub>4</sub> or Co<sub>12</sub> polyhedral cage
array with a bridging ligand spanning a pair of metal ions along every
edge. All three structural types are known: what is unusual here is
the presence of all three from the same reaction. The assemblies <b>Co</b><sub><b>2</b></sub>, <b>Co</b><sub><b>4</b></sub>, and <b>Co</b><sub><b>12</b></sub> are in slow
equilibrium (hours/days) in aqueous solution, and this can be conveniently
monitored by <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectroscopy because (i) the paramagnetism
of Co(II) disperses the signals over a range of ca. 200 ppm and (ii)
the different symmetries of the three species give characteristically
different numbers of independent <sup>1</sup>H NMR signals, which
makes identification easy. From temperature- and concentration-dependent <sup>1</sup>H NMR studies it is clear that increasing temperature and
increasing dilution favors fragmentation to give a larger proportion
of the smaller assemblies for entropic reasons. High concentrations
and low temperature favor the larger assembly despite the unfavorable
entropic and electrostatic factors associated with its formation.
We suggest that this arises from the hydrophobic effect: reorganization
of several smaller complexes into one larger one results in a smaller
proportion of the hydrophobic ligand surface being exposed to water,
with a larger proportion of the ligand surface protected in the interior
of the assembly. In agreement with this, <sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra
in a nonaqueous solvent (MeNO<sub>2</sub>) show formation of only
[Co<sub>2</sub>(L<sup>18w</sup>)<sub>3</sub>]X<sub>4</sub> because
the driving force for reorganization into larger assemblies is now
absent. Thus, we can identify the contributions of temperature, concentration,
and solvent on the result of the metal/ligand self-assembly process
and have determined the speciation behavior of the <b>Co</b><sub><b>2</b></sub>/<b>Co</b><sub><b>4</b></sub>/<b>Co</b><sub><b>12</b></sub> system in aqueous solution
Letter from W. J. Kerr
Letter concerning adjustment of work and salaries of members of the Experiment Station Staff with response to questions filled in
Tailoring Charge Reactivity Using In-Cylinder Generated Reformate for Gasoline Compression Ignition Strategies
Thermal inactivation study of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in lenses of primates and non-primates
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