GIS Modeling and Analysis of Ohio's CO2 Budget: Mitigating CO2 Emissions Through Reforestation

Author Institution: Department of Geology, Bowling Green State UniversityThe United States has agreed to join with the international community in reducing its greenhouse gas emissions to 7% below 1990 levels. To aid in this goal a Geographic Information System (GIS) based deterministic model was created to assess the potential impact of different land-use strategies for mitigating Ohio's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and lowering its total CO2 budget. CO2 was chosen as the greenhouse gas of focus for this study because it has been identified as a significant greenhouse gas impacting the climate and it is the only greenhouse gas capable of being anthropogenically sequestered from the atmosphere

HIP FLEXORS RESISTENCE IN YOUTH HOCKEY PLAYERS

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE. In today’s youth hockey leagues, the participation of an individual is based on the chronologic age without regard to the children's variations in development and maturity. Although it is currently accepted that the overall strength and growth of children increases linearly throughout childhood until puberty, the individual body parts growth do not develop at the same rate. The object of this project was to evaluate pelvic girdle resistance of youth hockey players in relation to leg length. METHOD. Nine hundred (n=900) hockey players aged 6 to 16 participated in the study. First, a 14 points physical examination was done on all subjects. Finally the Milgram test (modified bilateral leg raise) was performed. This procedure represents a good and easily performed test of hip flexors resistance and permits possible detection of thecal pathology. Incidence of positive Milgram test is presented and a Chi square statistical test is used. RESULTS. The results indicate that in our subjects, the youngest and oldest players had the lowest percentage of positive findings on the Milgram test; 6 years old: 5%, 16 years old 7.14%. The 10, 11 and 12 year old groups had a mean value of 47.22% positive Milgram tests. From all the 257 subjects with positive Milgram test only 2 individuals demonstrated possible thecal pathologies after the fourteen steps examination was performed. The Chisquare (x*) statistical test indicates that the difference between the observed frequency and between the theoretical frequency is significant (X2 = 117,081, df = 10, Q < .OOl). CONCLUSIONS. It appears from this study that almost 50% of children in the 10, 11 and 12 year old have difficulty in performing a simple hip flexing resistance exercise. This situation may be secondary to an uneven rate of growth of the lower limbs versus torso, therefore increasing the leg moment arms, thus increasing load and brending moments on the pelvic structures. . These results may explain the observed difficulty some of these hockey players experience in performing specific skills demanding high pelvic and hip flexors strength and resistance. Researchers are encourage to pursue biomechanical investigation f limb length ratio and their specific effects on axial structures and development

A simple microbiological tool to evaluate the effect of environmental health interventions on hand contamination.

The effects of interventions such as sanitation or hand hygiene on hand contamination are difficult to evaluate. We explored the ability of a simple microbiological test to: (1) detect recontamination after handwashing; (2) reflect risk factors for microbial contamination and (3) be applicable to large populations. The study was done in rural Andhra Pradesh, India, and Maputo, Mozambique. Participants placed all 10 fingertips on a chromogenic agar that stains Enterococcus spp. and E. coli spp. Outcomes were the number of colonies and the number of fingertips with colonies. In the recontamination study, participants were randomised to handwashing with soap and no handwashing, and tested at 30 min intervals afterwards. In two cross sectional studies, risk factors for hand contamination were explored. Recontamination of hands after washing with soap was fast, with baseline levels reached after 1 h. Child care was associated with higher Enterococcus spp. counts, whereas agricultural activities increased E. coli spp. counts. Food preparation was associated with higher counts for both organisms. In Maputo, counts were not strongly associated with water access, latrine type, education or diarrhoea. The method seems unsuitable for the evaluation of handwashing promotion. It may reflect immediately preceding risk practices but not household-level risk factors

IVOA Recommendation: An IVOA Standard for Unified Content Descriptors Version 1.1

This document describes the current understanding of the IVOA controlled vocabulary for describing astronomical data quantities, called Unified Content Descriptors (UCDs). The present document defines a new standard (named UCD1+) improving the first generation of UCDs (hereafter UCD1). The basic idea is to adopt a new syntax and vocabulary requiring little effort for people to adapt softwares already using UCD1. This document also addresses the questions of maintenance and evolution of the UCD1+. Examples of use cases within the VO, and tools for using UCD1+ are also described

IVOA Recommendation: The UCD1+ controlled vocabulary Version 1.23

This document describes the list of controlled terms used to build the Unified Content Descriptors, Version 1+ (UCD1+). The document describing the UCD1+ can be found at the URL: http://www.ivoa.net/Documents/latest/UCD.html. This document reviews the structure of the UCD1+ and presents the current vocabulary

P6_7 Spider Silk

Spiders silk is often referred to as one of the most amazing materials in nature, with its exceptional strength, able to ensnare insects much greater in size and mass than that of the spider that spun the web. In this paper we explore the idea of using a single piece of spider silk to bring a moving car to a halt. We calculated that a Ford Focus moving at 50 mph could be stopped by a single 10 m long thread with a minimum diameter of 1.88 cm