Sostenibilidad del cultivo de Camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) en el valle de Cañete, Perú

Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina. Escuela de Posgrado. Doctorado en Agricultura SustentableEl camote ((Ipomoea batata (L). Lam) es una especie de doble propósito (alimento humano y animal), cultivada en gran parte del mundo por su raíz tuberosa comestible, reconocido por su valor nutricional, económico y agronómico. En Perú,se cultiva principalmente en la costa, por ello, se plantearon los objetivos siguientes: 1) caracterizar las unidades de producción de camote en San Luis- Cañete, 2) evaluar los niveles de fertilización en el rendimiento de dos cultivares de camote y 3) determinar la sostenibilidad de la producción de camote en el distrito de San Luis- Cañete. Los datos para el análisis de la caracterización y sostenibilidad de la producción fueron obtenidos a través de encuestas realizadas a los productores de camote, los cuales fueron analizados por técnicas de estadística multivariadas, empleando una escala ordinal de 1 a 5 (1 se consideró como el menos sostenible y 5 en la escala valor ideal de sostenibilidad). En la fase experimental se evaluaron cuatro niveles de fertilización en el rendimiento de dos cultivares de camote bajo un diseño experimental de bloque completo al azar con arreglo factorial 2x4 con cuatro réplicas. Para el factor fertilizantes se emplearon cuatro niveles: D1 (60-40-100), D2 (80-60-120), D3 (120-80-80) y D4 (120-110-140); en el factor varietal se emplearon cultivares mejoradas Jonathan y Huambachero. Se encontraron pequeños productores que manejan hasta 3.42 ha de cultivo de camote y medianos productores que manejan en promedio 6.11 ha. En la fase experimental, el mayor rendimiento total y comercial de camote se alcanzó con el cultivar Jonathan con 28072.92 kg/ha-1 y 23085.94 kg/ha-1 respectivamente. Con el nivel de fertilización D4 (120-110-80) se encontró el mayor rendimiento total y comercial de raíces reservantes con 29947.92 kg/ha 1 y 24869.79 kg/ha-1. El Índice de Sostenibilidad General (ISGen) para las 50 unidades agrícolas es 2.93; por consiguiente, no califican como sistemas sostenibles, aun cuando el indicador Económico (IE) y el Indicador Social (IS) superan el umbral mínimo de sostenibilidad con 3.18 y 3.22 respectivamente. El Indicador Ambiental (IA) alcanzó el menor valor de sostenibilidad de 2.39; por lo tanto, de acuerdo a la propuesta metodológica multidimensional utilizada las unidades productoras de camote se encuentran en desequilibrio por los modelos de producción predominantes basados en monocultivo con alta dependencia de insumos externos que pueden deteriorar los recursos del agroecosistema en estudio.The sweet potato ((Ipomoea batata (L). Lam) is a dual-purpose species, cultivated in most of the world for its edible tuberous root, recognized for its nutritional, economic and agronomic value. In Peru, it is grown mainly on the coast, therefore, the following objectives were proposed: 1) Characterize the sweet potato production units in San Luis-Cañete, 2) Evaluate the levels of fertilization in the yield of two sweet potato cultivars and 3) and determine the sustainability of sweet potato production in the San Luis-Cañete district. The data for the analysis of the characterization and sustainability of production were obtained through surveys of sweet potato producers, which were analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques, using an ordinal scale of 1 to 5 (1 was considered as the less sustainable and 5 on the ideal sustainability value scale). In the experimental phase, four levels of fertilization were evaluated in the yield of two sweet potato cultivars under a design experimental randomized complete block with 2x4 factorial arrangement with four replications. Four levels were used for the fertilizer factor: D1 (60-40-100), D2 (80-60-120), D3 (120-80-80) and D4 (120-110-140); in the varietal factor, the improved cultivars Jonathan and Huambachero were used. Small producers were found to manage up to 3.42 ha of sweet potato cultivation and medium producers managed an average of 6.11 ha. In the experimental phase, the highest total and commercial yields of sweet potato were reached with the cultivar Jonathan of 28072.92 kg/ha-1 and 23085.94 kg/ha-1 respectively. With the fertilization level D4 (120-110-80) the highest total and commercial yield of storage roots were found at 29947.92 kg/ha-1 and 24869.79 kg/ha-1. The General Sustainability Index (ISGen) for the 50 agricultural units is 2.93; therefore, they do not qualify as sustainable systems, even though the Economic Indicator (IE) and the Social Indicator (SI) exceed the minimum sustainability threshold of 3.18 and 3.22 respectively. The Environmental Indicator (IA) reached the lowest sustainability value of 2.39; Therefore, according to the multidimensional methodological proposal used, the sweet potato producing units are in imbalance due to the predominant production models based on monoculture with high dependence on external inputs that can deteriorate the resources of the agroecosystem under study

Niveles de fertilización en dos variedades de maíz morado (Zea mayz L.) en la localidad de Canaán-Ayacucho

Determina la interacción de dos variedades de maíz morado (PMV-581 e INIA-615 Negro Canaán) con cuatro niveles de fertilización (NPK) en el rendimiento y contenido de antocianina del cultivo de maíz morado en la Estación Experimental Agraria (EEA) del INIA, en Canaán-Ayacucho. En un Diseño de Bloque Completo al Azar con un arreglo factorial 2V x 4F y cuatro repeticiones, se evaluaron variables biométricas agronómicas, y contenido de antocianina. El mayor rendimiento de mazorca se alcanzó con la variedad INIA-615-Negro Canaán con 3.67 t.ha-1 seguida de la variedad PMV-581 con 2.78 t.ha-1. Con el nivel de fertilización f3 (120-90-60) se logró el mayor rendimiento de mazorcas (3.69 t.ha-1), seguido por los niveles f4 (120-120-100) y f2 (120-110-80) que resultaron estadísticamente iguales. Asimismo, con el nivel de fertilización f2 (120-110-80) se obtuvo el mayor contenido de antocianina en equivalentes de cianidina-3-glucósido mg/100g 2.21 estadísticamente igual a los niveles de fertilización f4 (120-120-100) 1.64 y f3 (120-90-60) 1.62. En el contenido de antocianina en equivalentes de cianidina-3-glucósido mg/100g, la variedad Negro Canaán con 1.82 y la variedad PMV-581 con 1.67 son iguales estadísticamente.</p

Rendimiento de 10 clones de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) en Trujillo, La Molina, San Ramón y Huaral

Evalúa diez avanzados clones de camote de pulpa naranja en las localidades de San Ramón, Huaral, Lima y Trujillo. El experimento de campo se llevó a cabo bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con dos bloques en las cuatro localidades. Las variables en estudio fueron: rendimiento total de las raíces reservantes, rendimiento comercial de raíces reservantes, rendimiento de follaje fresco y materia seca de raíces reservantes. En rendimiento de follaje fresco, Huambachero resultó el de mayor rendimiento, pero estadísticamente similar a los demás clones PZ08.153, PJ05.212, Jonathan, PZ06.029 y PJ05.052; en rendimiento comercial de raíces reservantes, los clones PJ05.212 (96.34 t.ha-1); PJ05.052 (85.13 t.ha-1); PH06.011 (39.59 t.ha-1) y PJ07.119 (37.77 t.ha-1) produjeron los rendimientos más altos en Trujillo, La Molina, San Ramón y Huaral, respectivamente. Respecto a los rendimientos totales de raíces reservantes, los mejores clones fueron PJ05.052 (116.37 t.ha-1); PJ05.052 (130.68 t.ha-1); PJ07.691 (54.59 t.ha-1) y PZ08.153 (44.51 t.ha-1) para las localidades de Trujillo, La Molina, San Ramón y Huaral, respectivamente. Los rendimientos más altos en materia seca de raíces reservantes por hectárea fueron producidos por Huambachero (37.74 t.ha-1en Trujillo y 12.16 t.ha-1en Huaral); PJ07.691 (13.68 t.ha-1) en San Ramón, y PJ05.052 (18.76 t.ha-1) en La Molina

Differential expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in paediatric patients, adults, and an animal model

Abstract Background Helicobacter pylori is a major aetiologic agent associated with gastritis. H. pylori infections increase the expression of the Toll-like receptor (TLR), which in turn modulates the expression of microRNA (miRNA)-146a and miRNA-155. The objective of this study was to compare the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in gastric lesions of paediatric and adult patients with different pathologies and in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with H. pylori 26,695. Methods Quantification of miRNA expression was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of paraffin-embedded gastric lesions of children with or without an infection (n = 25), adults with follicular gastritis and metaplasia (n = 32) and eight-week-old M. unguiculatus males (Hsd:MON) infected with H. pylori 26,695 for 0, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months (n = 25). The genes RNU48 and RNU6 were used as endogenous controls for data normalization. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, ANOVA and Student’s t-test. Results The expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in infected children increased by 247.6- and 79.4-fold (on average), respectively, compared to that observed in the control group. However, these results were not significant (p = 0.12 and p = 0.07 respectively). In some children a gradual increase in expression was observed, while in others, expression was very high. Additionally, the expression levels of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 increased by an average of 21.7- and 62-fold, respectively, in adult patients with follicular gastritis when compared to those of the controls. In M. unguiculatus infected with H. pylori 26,695, the expression of both miRNAs increased as the infection progressed. Conclusion This is the first report to show differences in the expression of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 in paediatric and adult patients with gastritis who were infected with H. pylori. In addition, in M. unguiculatus infected with H. pylori, miRNA expression was associated with the progression of infection and the ability of the bacteria to adapt to the host

Imputation performance in Latin American populations: improving rare variants representation with the inclusion of native American genomes

Current Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) rely on genotype imputation to increase statistical power, improve fine-mapping of association signals, and facilitate meta-analyses. Due to the complex demographic history of Latin America and the lack of balanced representation of Native American genomes in current imputation panels, the discovery of locally relevant disease variants is likely to be missed, limiting the scope and impact of biomedical research in these populations. Therefore, the necessity of better diversity representation in genomic databases is a scientific imperative. Here, we expand the 1,000 Genomes reference panel (1KGP) with 134 Native American genomes (1KGP + NAT) to assess imputation performance in Latin American individuals of mixed ancestry. Our panel increased the number of SNPs above the GWAS quality threshold, thus improving statistical power for association studies in the region. It also increased imputation accuracy, particularly in low-frequency variants segregating in Native American ancestry tracts. The improvement is subtle but consistent across countries and proportional to the number of genomes added from local source populations. To project the potential improvement with a higher number of reference genomes, we performed simulations and found that at least 3,000 Native American genomes are needed to equal the imputation performance of variants in European ancestry tracts. This reflects the concerning imbalance of diversity in current references and highlights the contribution of our work to reducing it while complementing efforts to improve global equity in genomic research.Published versionThis work was supported by “The Mexican Biobank Project: Building Capacity for Big Data Science in Medical Genomics in Admixed Populations”, a binational initiative between Mexico and the UK co-funded by CONACYT (Grant number FONCICYT/50/ 2016), and The Newton Fund through The Medical Research Council (Grant number MR/N028937/1) awarded to AME and AVSH. It was also supported by the International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB, Italy) grant number CRP/MEX20-01. MS was partially supported by the Chicago Fellows program of the University of Chicago. DODV is supported by the UC MEXUS CONACYT collaborative program (Grant number CN-19-29), and the UNAM PAPIIT funding program (Grant number IA200620)

Erratum to: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition) (Autophagy, 12, 1, 1-222, 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356

non present