Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1phosphate regulate epithelial cell architecture by the modulation of de novo sphingolipid synthesis

Sphingolipids regulate several aspects of cell behavior and it has been demonstrated that cells adjust their sphingolipid metabolism in response to metabolic needs. Particularly, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a final product of sphingolipid metabolism, is a potent bioactive lipid involved in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell migration, actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell adhesion. In previous work in rat renal papillae, we showed that sphingosine kinase (SK) expression and S1P levels are developmentally regulated and control de novo sphingolipid synthesis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the participation of SK/S1P pathway in the triggering of cell differentiation by external hypertonicity. We found that hypertonicity evoked a sharp decrease in SK expression, thus activating the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway. Furthermore, the inhibition of SK activity evoked a relaxation of cell-cell adherens junction (AJ) with accumulation of the AJ complex (E-cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin) in the Golgi complex, preventing the acquisition of the differentiated cell phenotype. This phenotype alteration was a consequence of a sphingolipid misbalance with an increase in ceramide levels. Moreover, we found that SNAI1 and SNAI2 were located in the cell nucleus with impairment of cell differentiation induced by SK inhibition, a fact that is considered a biochemical marker of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. So, we suggest that the expression and activity of SK1, but not SK2, act as a control system, allowing epithelial cells to synchronize the various branches of sphingolipid metabolism for an adequate cell differentiation program.Fil: Santacreu, Bruno Jaime. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Pescio, Lucila Gisele. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Daniela Judith. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Biológica. Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Corradi, Gerardo Raul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Sterin, Norma Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Favale, Nicolas Octavio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas "Prof. Alejandro C. Paladini". Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológicas; Argentin

First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We present a picture of the biodiversity of <it>Mycobacterium tuberculosis </it>in Paraguay, an inland South American country harboring 5 million inhabitants with a tuberculosis notification rate of 38/100,000.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 220 strains collected throughout the country in 2003 were classified by spoligotyping into 79 different patterns. Spoligopatterns of 173 strains matched 51 shared international types (SITs) already present in an updated version of SpolDB4, the global spoligotype database at Pasteur Institute, Guadeloupe. Our study contributed to the database 13 new SITs and 15 orphan spoligopatterns. Frequencies of major <it>M. tuberculosis </it>spoligotype lineages in our sample were as follows: Latin-American & Mediterranean (LAM) 52.3%, Haarlem 18.2%, S clade 9.5%, T superfamily 8.6%, X clade 0.9% and Beijing clade 0.5%. Concordant clustering by IS<it>6110 </it>restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping identified transmission in specific settings such as the Tacumbu jail in Asuncion and aboriginal communities in the Chaco. LAM genotypes were ubiquitous and predominated among both RFLP clusters and new patterns, suggesting ongoing transmission and adaptative evolution in Paraguay. We describe a new and successfully evolving clone of the Haarlem 3 sub-lineage, SIT2643, which is thus far restricted to Paraguay. We confirmed its clonality by RFLP and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing; we named it "Tacumbu" after the jail where it was found to be spreading. One-fifth of the spoligopatterns in our study are rarely or never seen outside Paraguay and one-tenth do not fit within any of the major phylogenetic clades in SpolDB4.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Lineages currently thriving in Paraguay may reflect local host-pathogen adaptation of strains introduced during past migrations from Europe.</p

Identificación de micobacterias atípicas aisladas de muestras clínicas en el Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública, Paraguay (2010-2013)

La micobacteriosis es una patología causada por micobacterias conocidas como atípicas (MA) o no MT (MNT), de complejo diagnóstico y tratamiento. De las casi 200 especies descriptas, alrededor de 25 son las más comúnmente involucradas como agentes infecciosos oportunistas. La aparición del VIH y los tratamientos estéticos invasivos, propiciaron su manifestación como enfermedad emergente en los últimos años. Se determinó la frecuencia de aislamiento de micobacterias atípicas en muestras clínicas y cepas ingresadas al Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública entre los años 2010 y 2013. De 2765 cultivos positivos para micobacterias, 171 aislamientos correspondían a micobacterias atípicas, las que fueron identificadas por la técnica molecular PRA-hsp65 (PCR Restriction Analysis-hsp65), y por secuenciación de los genes 16S rRNA, hsp-65 y rpo ? en los aislamientos que no pudieron identificarse por PRA-hsp65. La frecuencia total de aislamientos fue del 6,2%, correspondiendo a la siguiente distribución: M. intracellulare 25,9%, M. avium 25,9%, M. abscessus 13,3% y M. fortuitum 12,7%; el 17,1% restante involucra a 14 especies diferentes; y en 9 casos (5,1%) no se llegó a identificación. Fueron mayormente aisladas en muestras de origen pulmonar (88,9%); en la adultez (32,2%) y tercera edad (26,9%); en el sexo masculino (62,6%); así como en pacientes PVVS (12,3%). Los resultados obtenidos coinciden con las publicaciones regionales en cuanto a especies más frecuentemente aisladas, y coinfección con VIH. En cuanto al origen de la muestra, edad y sexo no existe un consenso general de relación con estas variables en las publicaciones

Application of crosslinked polybenzimidazole-poly(Vinyl benzyl chloride) anion exchange membranes in direct ethanol fuel cells

Crosslinked membranes have been synthesized by a casting process using polybenzimidazole (PBI) and poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) (PVBC). The membranes were quaternized with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) to obtain fixed positive quaternary ammonium groups. XPS analysis has showed insights into the changes from crosslinked to quaternized membranes, demonstrating that the crosslinking reaction and the incorporation of DABCO have occurred, while the13C-NMR corroborates the reaction of DABCO with PVBC only by one nitrogen atom. Mechanical properties were evaluated, obtaining maximum stress values around 72 MPa and 40 MPa for crosslinked and quaternized membranes, respectively. Resistance to oxidative media was also satisfactory and the membranes were evaluated in single direct ethanol fuel cell. PBI-c-PVBC/OH 1:2 membrane obtained 66 mW cm−2 peak power density, 25% higher than commercial PBI membranes, using 0.5 bar backpressure of pure O2 in the cathode and 1 mL min−1 KOH 2M EtOH 2 M aqueous solution in the anode. When the pressure was increased, the best performance was obtained by the same membrane, reaching 70 mW cm−2 peak power density at 2 bar O2 backpressure. Based on the characterization and single cell performance, PBI-c-PVBC/OH membranes are considered promising candidates as anion exchange electrolytes for direct ethanol fuel cells.Fil: Herranz, Daniel. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Coppola, Roxana Elisabeth. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial; ArgentinaFil: Escudero Cid, Ricardo. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Ochoa Romero, Kerly. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: D'accorso, Norma Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Pérez Flores, Juan Carlos. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; EspañaFil: Canales Vázquez, Jesús. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; EspañaFil: Palacio, Carlos. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; EspañaFil: Abuin, Graciela Carmen. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Industrial; ArgentinaFil: Ocón, Pilar. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid; Españ

Development of a National Food Composition Table to design food security policies and programs

INTRODUCCIÓN: El desarrollo de las Tablas de Composición de Alimentos tiene varios desafíos, por lo que es necesario formar equipos interdisciplinarios que trabajen de manera articulada. El objetivo fue desarrollar una Tabla Nacional de Composición de Alimentos actualizada y metodológicamente adecuada para responder a las necesidades de programas alimentarios y la formulación de nuevos alimentos saludables. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una búsqueda electrónica de la literatura publicada sobre composición de alimentos desde 2010 con el software Covidence. También se efectuó una búsqueda manual de publicaciones nacionales no indexadas. La inclusión de los datos se evaluó en términos de criterios analíticos. RESULTADOS: A partir de la búsqueda se identificaron 1647 referencias potencialmente elegibles, de las cuales 103 artículos e informes cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Estos estudios proporcionaron información principalmente sobre valor energético, macronutrientes, ácidos grasos y, en menor proporción, sobre vitaminas y minerales para diversos alimentos individuales y de múltiples ingredientes. Se inició la inclusión de esta información en la Base Nacional de Datos de Alimentos mediante un software desarrollado a tal efecto, y se continúa trabajando en la compilación y generación de datos analíticos. DISCUSIÓN: Estos resultados contribuirán a la actualización continua y sistemática de la base de datos de composición de alimentos, que es de suma importancia para la salud pública.INTRODUCTION: The development of the Food Composition Tables has several challenges, so it is necessary to form interdisciplinary teams that work jointly. The aim was to develop a National Table of Food Composition updated and methodologically appropriate to respond to the needs of food programs and the formulation of new healthy foods. METHODS: An electronic search of the literature on food composition published since 2010 was carried out using Covidence online software. A manual search of non-indexed national publications was also performed. The inclusion of the data was evaluated in terms of analytical criteria. RESULTS: The search yielded 1647 potentially eligible references, of which 103 articles and reports met the inclusion criteria. These studies provided information primarily on energy value, macronutrients, fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, vitamins and minerals for various individual foods and multiple ingredients. The inclusion of this information in the National Food Database was initiated through a software developed for this purpose, and work continues on the compilation and generation of analytical data. DISCUSSION: These results will contribute to the continuous and systematic updating of the food composition database, which is of utmost importance for public health.Fil: Samman, Norma Cristina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Saltajujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa.; ArgentinaFil: Rossi, María Constanza. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Saltajujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa.; ArgentinaFil: Rios, Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Iris Beatriz. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Saltajujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa.; ArgentinaFil: Levy, Lorena Yanina. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa. - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Saltajujuy. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones En Tecnologias y Desarrollo Social Para El Noa.; ArgentinaFil: Tenisi, Mariela. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Barrios, Romina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentin

Острый рабдомиолиз

Rhabdomyolysis results from the rapid breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers, which leads to leakage of potentially toxic cellular contents into the systemic circulation. Acquired causes by direct injury to the sarcolemma are the most frequent. The inherited causes are: metabolic with failure of energy production, including mitochondrial fatty acid ß-oxidation defects, LPIN1 mutations, inborn errors of glycogenolysis and glycolysis, more rarely mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, purine defects and peroxysomalα-Methylacyl-CoA-racemase defect (AMACR); dystrophinopathies and myopathies; calcic causes with RYR1 mutations; inflammatory with myositis. Irrespective of the cause of rhabdomyolysis, the pathophysiologic events follow a common pathway, the ATP depletion leading to an increased intracellular calcium concentration and necrosis. Most episodes of rhabdomyolysis are triggered by an environmental stress, mostly fever. This condition is associated with two events, elevated temperature and high circulating levels of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. We describe here an example of rhabdomyolysis related to high temperature, aldolase deficiency, in 3 siblings with episodic rhabdomyolysis without hemolytic anemia. Myoglobinuria was always triggered by febrile illnesses. We show that the underlying mechanism involves an exacerbation of aldolase A deficiency at high temperatures that affected myoblasts but not erythrocytes. Thermolability was enhanced in patient myoblasts compared to control. The aldolase A deficiency was rescued by arginine supplementation in vitro. Lipid droplets accumulated in patient myoblasts relative to control and this was increased by cytokines. Lipotoxicity may participate to myolysis. Our results expand the clinical spectrum of aldolase A deficiency to isolated temperature-dependent rhabdomyolysis, and suggest that thermolability may be tissue specific. We also propose a treatment for this severe disease. Some other diseases involved in rhabdomyolysis may implicate pro-inflammatory cytokines and may be proinflammatory diseases.Острый рабдомиолиз – драматичное внезапное разрушение мышечных волокон скелетных мышц. К генетическим этиологическим факторам относят: метаболические расстройства, сопровождаемые дефицитом окисления жирных кислот, дефицитом липина-1, аномалии гликогенолиза и гликолиза, реже – дефицит митохондриальной дыхательной цепи, дефицит пурина и пероксизмальный дефицит α-метил-ацил-КоА-рацемазы (α-methyl-acyl-CoA-acemase, AMACR); структурные патологии в рамках дистрофинопатий и миопатий; аномалии кальциевого обмена с мутациями в гене RYR1; воспалительные реакции, ассоциированные с миозитом. Независимо от причины, дефицит аденозинтрифосфата в миоците приводит к повышению содержания внутриклеточного кальция и некрозу мышечных волокон. Провоцирующим фактором рабдомиолиза могут быть экзогенные факторы, среди которых травматизация мышц является самой частой причиной рабдомиолиза метаболического генеза. В случае лихорадки следует учитывать 2 фактора: повышение температуры тела и существование провоспалительных цитокинов. В статье описан случай рабдомиолиза у 3 детей от близкородственного брака, спровоцированный гипертермией и вызванный дефицитом альдолазы А, не сопровождаемой гемолитической анемией. В рассматриваемом случае миоглобинурия была всегда вызвана фебрильной температурой. В свою очередь, фермент альдолаза-А обладает тканеспецифичной термолабильностью: при тестируемых температурах он обнаружен в миобластах, но не в эритроцитах, что объясняет специфическую симптоматику у описываемых пациентов. Существуют предположения, что в клеточной липотоксичности участвуют так называемые жировые капли. В ходе исследований in vitro дефицит альдолазы А был возмещен добавлением аргинина. Другие типы рабдомиолиза метаболического генеза, вероятно, являются провоспалительными заболеваниями.перевод: Мария Олеговна Ковальчу

Core-rod myopathy due to a novel mutation in BTB/POZ domain of KBTBD13 manifesting as late onset LGMD

Few genes (RYR1, NEB, ACTA1, CFL2, KBTBD13) have been associated with core-rod congenital myopathies [7]. KBTBD13 belongs to the Kelch-repeat super-family of proteins and is implicated in the ubiquitination pathway. Dominant mutations in KBTBD13 have been associated with a peculiar form of core-rod myopathy (NEM6) so far [10]. Childhood onset, slowly progressive proximal muscle weakness with characteristic slowness of movements and combination of nemaline rods, irregular shaped cores and unusual type2 fibres hypotrophy at muscle biopsy, were the main characteristics shared in all the affected members of the four KBTBD13 families reported in the literature [12]. We report on a 65 years old patient, of Sardinian origin, with atypical clinical and morphological presentation of NEM6 due to a novel mutation in KBTBD13 gene

Core-rod myopathy due to a novel mutation in BTB/POZ domain of KBTBD13 manifesting as late onset LGMD

Few genes (RYR1, NEB, ACTA1, CFL2, KBTBD13) have been associated with core-rod congenital myopathies [7]. KBTBD13 belongs to the Kelch-repeat super-family of proteins and is implicated in the ubiquitination pathway. Dominant mutations in KBTBD13 have been associated with a peculiar form of core-rod myopathy (NEM6) so far [10]. Childhood onset, slowly progressive proximal muscle weakness with characteristic slowness of movements and combination of nemaline rods, irregular shaped cores and unusual type2 fibres hypotrophy at muscle biopsy, were the main characteristics shared in all the affected members of the four KBTBD13 families reported in the literature [12]. We report on a 65 years old patient, of Sardinian origin, with atypical clinical and morphological presentation of NEM6 due to a novel mutation in KBTBD13 gene

First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay

Background: We present a picture of the biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Paraguay, an inland South American country harboring 5 million inhabitants with a tuberculosis notification rate of 38/100,000. Results: A total of 220 strains collected throughout the country in 2003 were classified by spoligotyping into 79 different patterns. Spoligopatterns of 173 strains matched 51 shared international types (SITs) already present in an updated version of SpoIDB4, the global spoligotype database at Pasteur Institute, Guadeloupe. Our study contributed to the database 13 new SITs and 15 orphan spoligopatterns. Frequencies of major M. tuberculosis spoligotype lineages in our sample were as follows: Latin-American & Mediterranean (LAM) 52.3%, Haarlem 18.2%, S clade 9.5%, T superfamily 8.6%, X clade 0.9% and Beijing clade 0.5%. Concordant clustering by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping identified transmission in specific settings such as the Tacumbu jail in Asuncion and aboriginal communities in the Chaco. LAM genotypes were ubiquitous and predominated among both RFLP clusters and new patterns, suggesting ongoing transmission and adaptative evolution in Paraguay. We describe a new and successfully evolving clone of the Haarlem 3 sub-lineage, SIT2643, which is thus far restricted to Paraguay. We confirmed its clonality by RFLP and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing; we named it "Tacumbu" after the jail where it was found to be spreading. One-fifth of the spoligopatterns in our study are rarely or never seen outside Paraguay and one-tenth do not fit within any of the major phylogenetic clades in SpoIDB4. Conclusion: Lineages currently thriving in Paraguay may reflect local host-pathogen adaptation of strains introduced during past migrations from Europe.Fil: Candia, Norma. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: López, Beatriz. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Zozio, Thierry. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Carrivale, Marcela.ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Diaz, Chyntia. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: Russomando, Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: de Romero, Nilda J. Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública; Paraguay.Fil: Jara, Juan C. Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis; Paraguay.Fil: Barrera, Lucía. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Rastogi, Nalin. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Ritacco, Viviana. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina

First insight into Mycobacterium tuberculosis genetic diversity in Paraguay

Background: We present a picture of the biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Paraguay, an inland South American country harboring 5 million inhabitants with a tuberculosis notification rate of 38/100,000. Results: A total of 220 strains collected throughout the country in 2003 were classified by spoligotyping into 79 different patterns. Spoligopatterns of 173 strains matched 51 shared international types (SITs) already present in an updated version of SpoIDB4, the global spoligotype database at Pasteur Institute, Guadeloupe. Our study contributed to the database 13 new SITs and 15 orphan spoligopatterns. Frequencies of major M. tuberculosis spoligotype lineages in our sample were as follows: Latin-American & Mediterranean (LAM) 52.3%, Haarlem 18.2%, S clade 9.5%, T superfamily 8.6%, X clade 0.9% and Beijing clade 0.5%. Concordant clustering by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and spoligotyping identified transmission in specific settings such as the Tacumbu jail in Asuncion and aboriginal communities in the Chaco. LAM genotypes were ubiquitous and predominated among both RFLP clusters and new patterns, suggesting ongoing transmission and adaptative evolution in Paraguay. We describe a new and successfully evolving clone of the Haarlem 3 sub-lineage, SIT2643, which is thus far restricted to Paraguay. We confirmed its clonality by RFLP and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) typing; we named it "Tacumbu" after the jail where it was found to be spreading. One-fifth of the spoligopatterns in our study are rarely or never seen outside Paraguay and one-tenth do not fit within any of the major phylogenetic clades in SpoIDB4. Conclusion: Lineages currently thriving in Paraguay may reflect local host-pathogen adaptation of strains introduced during past migrations from Europe.Fil: Candia, Norma. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: López, Beatriz. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Zozio, Thierry. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Carrivale, Marcela.ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Diaz, Chyntia. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: Russomando, Graciela. Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Paraguay.Fil: de Romero, Nilda J. Laboratorio Central de Salud Pública; Paraguay.Fil: Jara, Juan C. Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis; Paraguay.Fil: Barrera, Lucía. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina.Fil: Rastogi, Nalin. Institut Pasteur de Guadeloupe. Unité de la Tuberculose et des Mycobacteries; Francia.Fil: Ritacco, Viviana. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Departamento de Biología Molecular; Argentina