Efficacy of Fungicide Against Mould (Fusarium Solani Sacc.) and Stain (Lasiodiplodia Theobromae Pat.) Fungi on Four Clones of Heveawood

New formulations of safe preservatives are being searched to treat heveawood to resolve discolouration problem so as to preserve and protect its original colour. Sodium pentachlorophenate (NaPCP) has been widely used to control stain fungi on heveawood. However, this substance has been phased out due to its mamalian hazardous. This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of Evotek® 230 SE against wood staining fungi on four clones of heveawood. A formulation of Evotek® 230 SE was tested at various concentrations to control wood staining fungi in four clones of heveawood. The solution concentrations used in this study were 0.1, 0.25 and 0.5%. A concentration level of 0.5 and 1% for sodium pentachlorophenate was used as a standard. Laboratory studies using freshly cut heveawood blocks, demonstrated the antifungal properties of Evotek® 230 SE. This formulation was effective for protection against stain fungi at a low level (0.1%) while sodium pentachlorophenate was effective only at 1.0%

Bio-Oil Production Using Waste Biomass via Pyrolysis Process: Mini Review

Pyrolysis process using abundantly available biomass waste fabric is a promising, renewable, and sustainable energy supply for bio-oil production. In this study, the pyrolysis of waste biomass determines the highest yield of diverse parameters of material type, temperature, reactor, method, and analysis used. From the differences in the parameters stated above, there is an opportunity to select the proper parameters to get the desired nice and quantity of bio-oil and the very best bio-oil yield. The maximum yield of each bio-oil product for pyrolysis primarily based on the above parameters was 68.9%; 56.9%; 44.4%; 44.16%; 41.05%; 39.99%. The bio-oil made out of pyrolysis was changed into analyzed using GCMS, ft-IR, NMR, TGA, SEM, Thermogravimetric analysis, HHV, FESEM evaluation methods and the substances used had been plastic, seaweeds, oat straw, rice straw , water hyacinth, timber sawdust, sawdust, microalgae

Potential of Active Compounds in Mangroves as Food Preservatives: a Literature Review

Mangroves have an essential role in food and nutrition for the public and coastal communities. This study aimed to obtain a general description of the types of mangrove plants, their content of bioactive compounds, extraction methods, and the potential for development and processing as alternative food sources. This study was a literature review that collected articles from Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Hindawi based on relevant articles. The types of mangrove plants whose fruit can be developed as food include Avicennia marina, A. alba, A. lanata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Sonneratia alba, and Nipah fruticans. From an economic point of view, mangroves can be used as various processed foods, beverages, and food materials

Linear viscoelasticity of hot-pressed hybrid poplar relates to densification and to the in situ molecular parameters of cellulose

International audienceAbstractKey messageHot pressing leads to changes in wood water sorption properties, linear viscoelastic behavior, and chemistry. In hot-pressed hybrid poplar, storage modulus linearly correlates with cellulose apparent crystallinity index and degree of polymerization, revealing the impact of cellulose hydrolysis on wood viscoelasticity during hot pressing.ContextHeat treatment and densification during hot pressing are known to alter wood chemical, physical, and viscoelastic properties. Interrelationships between these properties and their changes during hot pressing are, however, unknown. They are expected to play a significant role on mat consolidation during the manufacture of wood-based composites.AimsThis study aims (1) to characterize the impact of hot pressing on the physical, viscoelastic, and chemical properties of hybrid-poplar wood and (2) to assess possible relationships between these properties.MethodsDry and moist wood samples were hot-pressed under various conditions of temperature. Specific gravity, water sorption isotherms, and dynamic viscoelastic properties of hot-pressed wood were measured together with cellulose apparent crystallinity and molecular weight. Possible relationships between these properties were assessed with statistical analyses.ResultsWood specific gravity, sorption isotherm, dynamic moduli, and cellulose crystallinity were all affected by the hot-pressing conditions. The viscoelastic response of hot-pressed wood was found to relate not only to the extent of densification but also to in situ molecular properties of cellulose. Cellulose apparent crystallinity index and degree of polymerization in hot-pressed wood linearly correlated with storage modulus, revealing the importance of cellulose hydrolysis during hot pressing on wood viscoelastic response.ConclusionDuring hot pressing, wood cellulose hydrolysis appears to govern the viscoelastic response, in addition to wood densification

Torrefaction of Napier Grass and Oil Palm Petiole Waste Using Drop-Type Fixed-Bed Pyrolysis Reactor

The torrefaction process in the preparation of energy materials has garnered a lot of attention and has been investigated as a means of improving biomass solid fuels. The aim of this study is to study the effect of the temperature and holding time of two biomass samples: wild Napier grass and oil palm petiole. The torrefied samples are operated in a pyrolysis reactor to replicate the torrefaction procedure. The temperature parameter ranges between 220 and 300 °C while the holding time of the reaction parameter ranges from 10 to 50 min. It is found that with increasing temperature and time, the moisture content and number of O and H atoms decrease and also cause both mass and energy yield to decrease. It is found that the calorific value and the energy density increase with both parameters, which shows that optimization is needed for better solid fuel production. Between the two parameters, temperature changes have more significant effects on the torrefied samples. The optimized temperature and time are found to be 260 °C and 30 min, respectively. The usage of the pyrolysis reactor for the torrefaction reaction has been proven to serve as a good option due to similar product characteristics and equivalent results

Transesterification of Mixture of Castor Oil and Sunflower Oil in Millichannel Reactor: FAME Yield and Flow Behaviour

AbstractTransesterification of castor oil, sunflower oil and mixture of both oils were conducted in a millichannel reactor with 1.6 mm internal diameter. The flow behavior of the sample in millichannel reactor was observed. Both of the oil was mixed from 100 mL of castor oil until 20 mL of castor oil with total amount of 100 mL solution before used in the reaction. The alkali catalyst was mixed together with methanol before entering the reactor. In this study, the behavior of the flow pattern inside the millichannel reactor was observed under fixed parameters which are 21:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 5.4 wt% of KOH concentration in methanol, 180 s of residence time and 60 ̊C of temperature. The FFA value of both the oils was less than 2 mg-KOH/g-oil. The viscosity and density of the oils were determined before and after mixing the oils. The flow behaviour of the castor oil formed parallel flow throughout the reactor while sunflower oil formed slug flow in the reactor. When the volume of castor oil is reduced from 100 mL to 20 mL, the flow behaviours of the mixture oil were changed from slug flow at upstream to parallel flow at downstream. The formation of slug flow in the reactor improved the biodiesel yield: 88.4% of FAME yield