Synergism of virgin coconut oil and mulberry leaves extract as agent in free alcohol hand sanitizer / Norhazlin Jusoh ...[et al.]

Hand hygiene is foremost techniques in preventing the spread of any health care-associated infections and keeping the health cost under control. Hand sanitizer is the key for hand hygiene when limited resources and water access. The problem is alcohol-based hand sanitizer can cause health issues such as drying skin and alcoholic poisoning. Therefore, alcohol-free hand sanitizer becomes the next approach. Investigations on hand sanitizer without alcohol for their effectiveness on microorganism‟s infection are still scarce. Hence, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of alcohol-free hand sanitizer on microbial hands carriage. The main focus is on inhibiting the growth of pure cultured bacteria from hands which were Streptococcus sp. and Staphylococcus sp. Production of alcohol-free hand sanitizer using natural products (virgin coconut oil and mulberry leaves extract) as antibacterial agents as an alternative to the current hand sanitizers in market. In the study, the antibacterial activity of alcohol-free hand sanitizer was compared with clinical hand sanitizer, commercial hand sanitizer and sterile water using disc diffusion method. Undoubtedly, clinical hand sanitizer showed the highest inhibition zone with 21 mm for both types of bacteria. On the other hand, alcohol-free hand sanitizer and commercial hand sanitizer surprisingly obtained almost similar size of inhibition zone with 14-14.5 mm. As conclusion, the alcohol-free hand sanitizer was effective in resisting the bacterial growth on hands and as promising option particularly in health impacts after use. The tested product can be introduced to selected market segments for example local pharmacies, clinics and hospital

Influence of different CaF2 contents and heat treatment temperature on apatite-mullite glass ceramics derived from waste materials

An apatite-mullite glass ceramics composition derived from clam shell (CS) and soda lime silicate (SLS) glass has been fabricated from a heat treatment process of composition [xCaF2·(45−x)SLS·15CS·20Al2O3·20P2O5], where x is 5, 10, 15 and 20 (wt. %). The result concluded that the Ca and Si elements were found in the CS and SLS glass respectively as a major weight composition, thereby promoting the use of waste materials in the manufacture of glass ceramic samples. Besides, the CaF2 addition lowers the glass transition temperature (Tg) and crystallisation temperature (Tc) of the glass composition. The density and percentage of the linear shrinkage of the samples differs with the addition of CaF2 and various heat treatment temperatures. For the structural properties’ analysis, the formation of fluorapatite with a needle-like microstructure and mullite phase was enhanced with a higher CaF2 content, while the growth of the anorthite phase was observed to occur at a higher heat treatment temperature. Generally, the addition of ahigh CaF2 content with the help of heat treatment in apatitemullite glass ceramics composition greatly promotes the crystallisation of the fluorapatite phase, which is crucial for denture glass ceramics

Fabrication of Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride based bioglass derived from waste clam shell and soda lime silica glasses

Through the traditional approach of the melt-water quenching technique, it is seen that Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride (ASF) bioglass system is assembled. Through the very investigation of this paper, it is noted that preparation of ASF bioglass is composed of Clam Shells (CS), Soda Lime Silicate (SLS), CaF2, P2O5, and Al2O3 with the empirical formula [xCS⋅(45 − x)SLS⋅15CaF2⋅20P2O5⋅20Al2O3] where x= 5, 10, 15 and 20 (wt%). The waste materials used to produce ASF bioglass were CS and SLS. The physical and structural properties of bioglass are obtained through Energy X-ray (EDX), density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) spectroscopy. Such measured physical parameters like density and molar volume were found to vary linearly with increasing the CaO content in the bioglass composition. X-ray powder diffractrogram showed that the ASF bioglass samples with higher amount of CaO content are in amorphous phase, but a small and sharp peak crystal phase was observed and known as fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F). Meanwhile, FTIR spectroscopy revealed various bonds such as Sisingle bondOsingle bondSi, Psingle bondOsingle bondP, Csingle bondO and Osingle bondH, indicated to the formation of ASF bioglass before sintering occurred. FESEM analysis showed non-uniform particle distribution, irregular in shape and random grain size of the bioglass. Although this type of bioglass is well established for dental application, its effect on waste materials such as CS and SLS for used in dental field has not been extensively studied. Revealed various bonds, stretching and bending vibrations within the samples before sintering occurred

A Study of Fluoride-Containing Bioglass System for Dental Materials Derived from Clam Shell and Soda Lime Silica Glass

The alumino-silicate-fluoride (ASF) bioglass system with empirical formula [(45-x)SiO2-xCaF2-20P2O5-20Al2O3-15CaO] where x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 (wt.%) has been synthesised by using conventional melt-quenching method. In this study, soda lime silica (SLS) glass and clam shell (CS) vitreous waste were utilized as a source of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and calcium oxide (CaO), respectively. The different physical behaviors of ASF bioglass were closely related to the CaF2 content in each composition. The structural analysis shows the presence of various chemical bonds showing the formation of ASF bioglass. The ASF bioglass has many applications in dental field and efforts to improve its formulation can promise a better future in medical procedures

Effect of sintering temperature on physical and structural properties of Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride glass ceramics fabricated from clam shell and soda lime silicate glass

A study on the effect of sintering temperature to the physical and structural of Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride (ASF) glass ceramics fabricated from clam shell (CS) and soda lime silicate (SLS) glass is conducted through conventional melt-quench technique. ASF glass ceramics composition with 25SLS-20CS-20P2O5-20Al2O3-15CaF2 by weight percentage is analysed by using Energy X-ray (EDX), density (ρ), linear shrinkage, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). High content of Ca and Si in CS and SLS glass respectively promote the use of waste materials in production of ASF composition. The density and linear shrinkage of the samples varies with sintering temperature. Besides, XRD results showed that fluorapatite (Ca5(PO4)3F) is a main phase existed in all samples meanwhile FTIR confirmed the presence of silica and also the formation of Casingle bondP phase in the composition. FESEM analysis showed the increasing of grain size and formation of needle-like microstructure known as fluorapatite when sintering temperature increase. Overall results promoted the ASF glass ceramics samples produced from waste materials as a high potential candidate for dental application

Incorporation of Hydroxyapatite into Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) Formulated Based on Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride Glass Ceramics from Waste Materials

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a well-known restorative material applied in dentistry. The present work aims to study the effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) addition into GIC based on physical, mechanical and structural properties. The utilization of waste materials namely clam shell (CS) and soda lime silica (SLS) glass as replacements for the respective CaO and SiO2 sources in the fabrication of alumino-silicate-fluoride (ASF) glass ceramics powder. GIC was formulated based on ASF glass ceramics, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and deionized water, while 1 wt.% of HA powder was added to enhance the properties of the cement samples. The cement samples were subjected to four different ageing times before being analyzed. In this study, the addition of HA caused an increment in density and compressive strength results along with ageing time. Besides, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) phase in HA-added GIC samples and it was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis which detected OH‒F vibration mode. In addition, needle-like and agglomeration of spherical shapes owned by apatite crystals were observed from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Based on Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the detection of chemical elements in the cement samples were originated from chemical compounds used in the preparation of glass ceramics powder and also the polyacid utilized in initiating the reaction of GIC