The Effect of Carbon Nanotube Loading on Wettability of Solder Paste SAC 237 and Different Substrates

Wettability of Pb-free soldered surface is one of the main solderability classifications. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of various percentages of carbon nanotube (CNT) loading (0 – 4%) on the wettability of solder paste SAC 237 and different substrates namely copper (Cu) and tin (Sn). The influence of surface roughness on the wetting behaviour was also studied. Both substrates were undergone a mechanical abrasion process by using four different grit sizes (P240 , P400, P600 and P800) before performing the reflow soldering process using a reflow oven at a temperature of 180°C for 13 minutes. The surface roughness of the substrates was characterized by using a profilometer. Meanwhile, wettability tests were performed by using the optical microscope. Both substrates have shown similar behaviour; the rougher surface gives better wettability compared to the smoother one. The wettability of SAC 237 is not significantly affected by the addition of various percentages of CNT. However, CNT loading in the solder paste has shown the different wetting behaviour for both substrates

Physical properties of homogeneous particleboard based on acacia tree and polyurethane adhesive as a resins

The formaldehyde-based adhesives have always been chosen for manufacturer in the making of particleboard because of the cost. However, it has low moisture resistance and high water absorption. At the same time, formaldehyde-based adhesive also produced gaseous emission that can cause cancer and bronchial health. Meanwhile, the high water resistance, low moisture content and healthy to the human body nowadays becomes most important issues in the making of furniture for market. This research was discusses on the ability of Acacia tree as raw material and polyurethane (PU) as an adhesive for making the homogeneous particleboard. The aim of this research isto looking the impact of using different particle sizes from Acacia tree to the physical properties of the end product. This study also focuses on the potential of paraffin wax as a water repellent agent. The testing of physical properties was includes the thickness swelling (TS) testing, moisture content (MC), density and water absorption (WA testing). The size of Acacia particle was varied from xx>2mm and x>4mm. All particleboards produced was achieve the range of medium density according to the Japan Industry Standard (JIS). The results have shown that the value of the density and the particle size was influenced the result especially for the physical properties. From this research it is proved that the PU as a resin and sawdust of acacia tree with some specific size can be a good binder and material for the particle board industries in future. The paraffin wax also showed a great potential as a water repellent agent based on the reduction of water absorption of the particleboard. The particleboard with sizes between 2mm to 4mm proves better results compared to the smaller or bigger sizes of particle

Development and performance of particleboard from various types of organic waste and adhesives : A review

Environmentally friendly or green building materials are more commonly used in the construction industry and furniture making industry. The knowledge of the environmental risks including the depletion of natural resources, the impact of pesticides, as well as the amplifier and enforcement criteria of good practice have led to an increase in the practice of recycling waste materials, and in particular, the recycling of abandoned trees in particleboard production. From the adhesive aspect, in view of future constraints of formaldehyde use, suitable alternatives to formaldehyde-based adhesive systems would have to be developed and implemented in the wood processing industry. The present review represents a critical appraisal of various organic wastes and adhesives used as raw materials in particleboard development. The core of this review is an assessment of physical and mechanical properties of particleboards based on various types of organic waste and adhesive. Based on these data, we evaluated their potential to identify suitable alternative raw materials having a certain probability to meet the requirements of a large-scale industry sector. Characteristics such as density, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) are significant in the studies carried out by researchers worldwide. However, they also depend on the types of raw materials, adhesives, parameters and indicators used throughout particleboard production. As an overall conclusion, some organic wastes have the potential to replace wood fibers as raw materials in particleboard production with similar performances. Natural-based adhesives have also shown the potential to substitute formaldehyde-based adhesives in terms of performance. However, toxicological investigations should be performed before a decision can been made to ensure they are safe and add value as replacements for formaldehyde-based adhesives

Potential of Portable Hydrokinetic Energy Turbine Design for Remote Communities in Sarawak

- The Hydro kinetic energy turbine is rescuer technology for power supply to replace energy from fossil fuel in small remote communities. This technology is used in rivers that are not high and are off gird electric power production. The portable hydro kinetic flotation method is used for convenience of communities altering location position to a suitable place for use. The Cross flow turbine method and 200w electric power production is suitable for small remote communities in Sarawak. The length of turbine diameter has been determined based on the planted data that has been taken at the inland rivers. Aspects of portable, floating and material aspects should also be taken into account. The portable kinetic hydro concept is designed for the next prototype process. This paper enhances new technologies and prospects, challenges and the new framework for adaptation in remote hydrological settings