A comparative analysis on three duplication elements in copy-move forgery using patchmatch-based detection method

Image forgery is the alteration of a digital image to hide some of the important and useful information. Copy-move forgery (CMF) is one of the most difficult to detect because the copied part of the image has the same characteristics as the original image. Most of the existing datasets only highlight additional attacks in the copied part. Since there are no categories of duplication elements in the datasets, this research analyzed three categories of duplication elements in CMF which are animals, food and non-living things using DEFACTO and CoMo3Dataset. The analysis is performed on PatchMatch-based detection method and the results show that the method able to maintain at least 83% for all duplication elements in both DEFACTO and CoMo3Dataset. Furthermore, the method is able to detect a minimum 92% score for the food category in both datasets

Performance Comparison Between AODV and DSR In Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)

Wireless communication technology has advanced rapidly, thanks to the proliferation of wireless devices and services. The spectrum depletion issue was discovered due to the growing number of users and to the fixed spectrum assignment strategies. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network that doesn’t require a central server, specialized gear, or fixed routers to function. As it operates in a distributed peer- to-peer style, each system acts as an individual router and produces individual data where MANET may be used as a stand-alone network or as part of a cellular network that connects to the internet. There are different types of a routing protocol can be applied in MANET, each with its capabilities, advantages, and disadvantage. There is a need to investigate the performance of routing protocol for better network planning. The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) are two MANET routing protocols investigated in this paper. Four different performance metrics are used to measure these protocols: throughput, path discovery time, traffic received and sent delay, and media access delay. To investigate the behavior of these protocols in the Manet context, a Manet simulation is run using OPNET Modeler Student Edition. According to the data, AODV outperforms other protocols in terms of throughput, amount of traffic received, and transmit performance, whereas DSR has the longest delay. Even when run in the same environment with the same number of nodes, different protocols produce different readings and behaviors. This proves the theory that AODV performs better in terms of performance, delay, and packet transfer ratio

Performance comparison between AODV and DSR In Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET)

Wireless communication technology has advanced rapidly, thanks to the proliferation of wireless devices and services. The spectrum depletion issue was discovered due to the growing number of users and to the fixed spectrum assignment strategies. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a network that doesn’t require a central server, specialized gear, or fixed routers to function. As it operates in a distributed peer- to-peer style, each system acts as an individual router and produces individual data where MANET may be used as a stand-alone network or as part of a cellular network that connects to the internet. There are different types of a routing protocol can be applied in MANET, each with its capabilities, advantages, and disadvantage. There is a need to investigate the performance of routing protocol for better network planning. The Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) are two MANET routing protocols investigated in this paper. Four different performance metrics are used to measure these protocols: throughput, path discovery time, traffic received and sent delay, and media access delay. To investigate the behavior of these protocols in the Manet context, a Manet simulation is run using OPNET Modeler Student Edition. According to the data, AODV outperforms other protocols in terms of throughput, amount of traffic received, and transmit performance, whereas DSR has the longest delay. Even when run in the same environment with the same number of nodes, different protocols produce different readings and behaviors. This proves the theory that AODV performs better in terms of performance, delay, and packet transfer ratio

Cross technology communication (CTC) between DSRC/WAVE and TVWS: From survey towards framework

Cross Technology Communication (CTC) adjoin two or more different radio access technology (RAT) so that they can communicate directly. As vehicular communication has become a part of modern life and many applications like IoT, smart city is incomplete without vehicular network, it has become a research challenge to integrate it with other RAT’s. For the scarcity of spectrum and increasing demand on cellular spectrum, unused TVWS spectrum has become an undeniable choice for integrating it with vehicular communication technology, DSRC/WAVE. Several researches on CTC for Wifi, Zigbee, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) have been published that operate in the ISM spectrum. This is the first attempt to constitute a framework for CTC of two different spectrums, DSRC/WAVE and TVWS so that the implementation would become feasible

A review of knowledge graph embedding methods of TransE, TransH and TransR for missing links

Knowledge representation and reasoning require knowledge graph embedding as it is crucial in the area. It involves mapping entities and relationships from a knowledge graph into vectors of lower dimensions that are continuous in nature. This encoding enables machine learning algorithms to effectively reason and make predictions on graph-structured data. This review article offers an overview and critical analysis specifically about the methods of knowledge graph embedding which are TransE, TransH, and TransR. The key concepts, methodologies, strengths, and limitations of these methods, along with examining their applications and experiments conducted by existing researchers have been studied. The motivation to conduct this study is to review the well-known and most applied knowledge embedding methods and compare the features of those methods so that a comprehensive resource for researchers and practitioners interested in delving into knowledge graph embedding techniques is delivered

Hop Restricted-AODV (HR-AODV) Routing and Its Applicability on Different Wireless Channels for Vehicular Network

Routing is considered the most significant part of any wireless system, and vehicular network depends on Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing mostly for routing purposes. To adapt to the dynamic topology of the vehicular network, different variations of AODV routing are adopted, and there have some event-driven limitations considering different performance metrics. In this paper, we propose a variant of AODV routing hop restricted-AODV (HR-AODV) that limit searching for receiver up to a maximum of four hops and completes data transmission. We simulate the protocol on two channels; LOS-driven two-ray ground and Non-LOS multipath fading channel Rayleigh channel. We found that different performance metrics like packet delivery ratio (PDR), delay, overhead, and throughput follows the trend regarding AODV performances mentioned by Hota et al. [18]. The results indicate that; our proposed protocol is suitable for routing in vehicular networks

ELA REMIND : A medicine box reminder system for elderly living alone (ELA) implementing the infrared sensor, internet of things and mobile application

Studies had shown a high statistic of the elderly often forgetting to take their medicine each day due to their forgetfulness. And living alone far from their family, make things harder. As a human of 60 years old and above, they might have difficulties to remember and become alert of the medicine time. Thus, developing this ELA Remind which is a medicine box reminder system for Elderly Living Alone (ELA) by implementing the Infrared Sensor, Internet of Things and Mobile Application. By having this system, elderly will always be reminded on time to take their medicine every day without fail. In fact, it helps to check on their medication intake history to ensure that the elderly was taking the medicine as per schedule. At the same time, it helps reduce the wastage of medication as well. Besides, the most impactful element in this system is that the reminder will also be sent to the elderly's families so that they can monitor their elders remotely through the mobile application. In addition, this system will enable users or families to check back on the history of time taken of the medicine whenever needed

Real-time threshold-based fall detection system using wearable IoT

This paper presents a Real-Time Fall Detection System (FDS) in the form of a wearable device integrating an ADXL335 accelerometer as a fall detection sensor, and classify the falling condition based on the threshold method. This system detects the wearer's movements and analyses the result in binary output conditions of 'Fall' for any fall occurrence or 'Normal' for other activities. The transmitter or FDS-Tx which is attached to the user's garment will constantly transmit data reading to the receiver or FDS-Rx via XBee module for data analysis. Raspberry Pi as the processor in FDS-Rx provides computational resources for immediate output analysis, by using threshold method, the computed results are sent to the cloud utilizing the Wi-Fi to display the user's condition on the authority's dashboard for further action. The working conditions of the systems are validated through an experiment of 10 volunteers whose perform several activities including fall events. Based on the threshold proposed, the results showed 97% sensitivity, 69% specificity and 83% accuracy from the experiment. Thus, this system fulfilled the real-Time working condition integrating (IoT) as accordingly

SDN Enabled Big Data Analytics and Framework for Sensor Data of Vehicle Health, Safety and Monitoring System

Vehicular network enabled vehicle health, safety and monitoring system is gaining attention for its potential application while software defined network (SDN) is supporting vehicular communication for designing core of the network. Vehicular network emits enormous amount of data where most of them are sensor data and that amount of data required to undergo analyzed for productive output. There are two types of sensor data are used in vehicular network, vehicle sensor data (VSD) and infrastructure sensor data (ISD). Flow based SDN controller examines every packet of the network which is responsible of engagement of resources gravely. For vehicular health monitoring and safety applications, SDN doesn't required to check and analyze ISD. In this paper, a framework is proposed that promises to ignore ISD and only consider VSD for vehicle health, safety and monitoring applications. With this connections, this paper proposes big data module along with SDN controller and inside the big data module, a partitioner program is designed. The partitioner program categorize VSD and ISD on the basis of certain parameters like data payload, technology used, packet header and restrict RSD to be processed by SDN controller. A combiner program is designed that bind both VSD and ISD to fed to the application plane of system. Additionally, a big data analytics for vehicle health, safety and monitoring application is derived

Hybrid medium access control using token approach in wireless sensor network for high traffic applications

The evolution of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has experienced rapid growth in communication technology. Multimedia is a type of data needed in many applications of WSN. The existing WSN which runs on IEEE 802.15.4 standard mainly deals with low scalar traffic applications such as monitoring of temperature, humidity and pressure. Thus, high traffic application especially video transmission over WSN introduces huge challenges such as dynamic channel conditions, limited resources and delay constraint. The primary objective of this research is to develop reliable Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol that can maintain good quality of service (QoS) with low power consumption for high traffic application. The MAC layer design with token approach protocol namely MAC-TA protocol is proposed for single hop network. The Hybrid MAC namely HMAC-TA which is a combination of Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) and token approach protocol is proposed for multi-hop network. Both protocols are designed for high traffic scalar data. Then, the HMAC-TA protocol is enhanced to support MPEG-4 video transmission in WSN and the improved protocol is called eHMAC-TA. The proposed MAC protocols ensure low energy consumption by providing a reliable link for data transmission and minimizing the retransmission of packet loss. A cross layer design between MAC and routing protocol is used in token passing decision to ensure the channel is fully utilized by the node that has data to transmit. The token packet is regenerated based on two hops neighbour calculations to avoid token collision. The proposed MAC protocol has been successfully studied and verified through simulation. The eHMAC-TA protocol is verified both with simulation and experimental work. The network performance is measured in terms of packet delivery ratio (PDR), energy consumption and end-to-end (ETE) delay. Additionally for video analysis, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) performance is evaluated. Simulation results for single hop network show that MAC-TA protocol is able to maintain the PDR above 90%. This protocol also achieves lower energy consumption by 22.78 Joule, and reduces the ETE delay by 38 ms when compared with existing MAC protocols. The HMAC-TA protocol also outperforms the existing MAC in multi-hop network as it reduces energy consumption by 44%, improves PDR up to 21.39% and reduces ETE delay by 6.97 s. For video analysis using eHMAC-TA protocol, only low motion video is applicable to be transmitted in IEEE 802.15.4 medium when compared to high and medium motion. The simulation results show that eHMAC-TA protocol achieves high PDR which is above 90% and good video quality with PSNR higher than 31 dB compared to existing hybrid MAC protocol. The testbed experiment experiences slightly different result where the PDR is 10% lower than the simulation results. The proposed MAC protocol with token protocol has significantly enhanced the network performance for video application in WSN