Troubles mentaux graves et abus de substances : composantes efficaces de progammes de traitements intégrés à l’intention des personnes présentant une comorbidité

Les approches traditionnelles de soins pour patients souffrant de problèmes de comorbidité qui étaient fondées sur des traitements séquentiels ou en parallèle ont échoué dans les cas de santé mentale et d'abus de substance, ce qui a conduit au développement de programmes de traitements intégrés. Dans cet article, les auteurs définissent les traitements intégrés destinés aux patients ayant ce double diagnostic et identifient les composantes clés des programmes intégrés efficaces, y compris la pratique outreach, l'approche holistique, le partage de la prise de décision, la réduction des méfaits, l'engagement à long terme et le traitement par étapes (basé sur l'approche motivationnelle). Le concept d'étapes de traitement est décrit afin d'illustrer les différents stades de motivation vécus par les personnes à mesure qu'elles se rétablissent de leur dépendance aux substances : l'engagement, la persuasion, le traitement actif et la prévention des rechutes. Les étapes de traitement servent à guider les cliniciens dans l'identification d'objectifs de traitement appropriés à l'état de motivation des patients, et à choisir des interventions fondées sur ces objectifs. En reconnaissant le stade de traitement de chaque personne, les cliniciens peuvent optimiser les résultats en choisissant des interventions qui sont appropriées à l'état de motivation de la personne ou à l'étape de traitement et ainsi minimiser les abandons. Ces programmes intégrés diffèrent dans les services spécifiques qu'ils dispensent. Toutefois, ils partagent des éléments communs dans leur philosophie et leurs valeurs. Des recherches documentent les effets bénéfiques de ces programmes qui s'avèrent de bon augure pour le pronostic à long terme des personnes présentant une comorbidité.Integrated treatment for severe mental illness and substance abuse: Effective components of programs for persons with co-occurring disorders Traditional approaches to treating clients with co-occurring disorders based sequential or parallel mental health and substance abuse treatments have failed, leading to the development of integrated treatment programs. In this article we define integrated treatment for clients with co-occurring disorders, and identify the core components of effective integrated programs, including: assertive outreach, comprehensiveness, shared decision-making, harm-reduction, long-term commitment, and stage-wise (motivation-based) treatment. The concept of stages of treatment is described to illustrate the different motivational states through which clients progress as they recover from substance abuse: engagement, persuasion, active treatment, and relapse prevention. The stages of treatment have clinical utility for guiding clinicians in identifying appropriate treatment goals matched to clients' motivational states, and selecting interventions based on these goals. By recognizing each client's current stage of treatment, clinicians can optimize outcomes by selecting interventions that are appropriate to the client's current motivational state or stage of treatment, and minimize clients dropping out from treatment. Effective integrated treatment programs for clients with co-occurring disorders differ in the specific services they provide, but share common elements in their philosophy and values. Research documents the beneficial effects of these programs, which bodes well for the long-term prognosis of clients with co-occurring disorders.Turbios mentales graves y abusos de sustancias: componentes eficaces de programas de tratamiento integrados para personas presentando una comorbosidad Las aproximaciones tradicionales de cuidos de patientes sufriendo de problemas de comorbosidad fundados sobre tratamientos secuenciales o en paralelo han fracasado en el caso de salud mental y abuso de sustancias, lo que ha conducido al desarrollo de programas de tratamientos integrados. En este artículo los autores definen los tratamientos integrados destinados a patientes con este doble diagnóstico y identifican los componentes claves de programas integrados eficaces, incluyendo la practíca outreach, el aproximación holistica, el reparto de la toma de decisión, la reducción del perjuicio, compromiso a largo plazo y el tratamiento por etapas (basado sobre una aproximación motivacional). El concepto de etapas del tratamiento esta descrito para ilustrar las fases de motivación vividas por las personas al mismo tiempo que se reestablecen de su dependencia de substancia: el empeño, la persuasion, el tratamiento activo y la prevención de recaídas. Las etapas de tratamiento sirven a orientar los clínicos en la identificación de objectivo de tratamiento apropriados al estado de tratamiento de los patientes y a escoger intervenciones fundadas sobre estos objectivos. Reconociendo el estado de tratamiento de cada persona los clínicos puedent optimisar los resultados y escoger intervenciones apropriadas al estado de motivación de la persona o a la etapa de tratamiento y asi minimisar los abandonos. Estos programas integrados diferen en los servicios especificos que dispensan. Sin embargo comparten elementos comunes en su filosofía y sus valores. Investigaciones documenten efectos benificos de estos programas cuales se revelan de buen agüero para el prognostico al largo plazo de personas presentan una comorbosidad

Antipsychotic adherence, switching, and health care service utilization among Medicaid recipients with schizophrenia

Objective: To evaluate health care resource utilization in patients with schizophrenia who continued newly prescribed antipsychotic medications, compared with those switching to different treatments. Methods: Adults with schizophrenia in the California Medicaid (MediCal) database who initiated treatment with index medications in 1998–2001, were classified as having: 1) abandoned antipsychotic medications; 2) switched to another medication; or 3) continued with the index antipsychotic, for up to 6 months after the index date. Results: Of 2300 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 1382 (60.1%) continued index medications, 480 (20.9%) switched, and 438 (19.0%) abandoned antipsychotic treatment. Utilization in several resource categories occurred significantly more frequently among patients whose regimens were switched (vs those continuing index medications). These included using psychiatric (24.2% vs 14.5%; P \u3c 0.001) or nonpsychiatric (31.5% vs 24.3%; P \u3c 0.05) emergency services; being admitted to a hospital (10.6% vs 7.4%; P \u3c 0.05); making nonpsychiatric outpatient hospital visits (43.3% vs 36.4%; P \u3c 0.05) or nonpsychiatric physician visits (62.7% vs 56.4%; P \u3c 0.05); and using other outpatient psychiatric (53.3% vs 40.7%; P \u3c 0.001) or nonpsychiatric (82.7% vs 74.6%; P \u3c 0.001) services. Conclusions: Switching antipsychotic medications is associated with significantly increased health care resource utilization (vs continuing treatment)

Why Do People With Schizophrenia Exercise? A Mixed Methods Analysis Among Community Dwelling Regular Exercisers

Individuals with schizophrenia have reduced rates of physical activity, yet substantial proportions do engage in independent and regular exercise. Previous studies have shown improvement in symptoms and cognitive function in response to supervised exercise programs in people with schizophrenia. There is little data on motivations of individuals who exercise independently, or their chosen type, duration, or setting of exercise. This study explores motivational parameters and subjective experiences associated with sustained, independent exercise in outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Participants completed a semi-structured interview and then were given a prospective survey containing visual analog scales of symptom severity and the Subjective Exercise Experiences Scales to complete immediately before and after three sessions of exercise. Results from the semi-structured interview were analyzed by modified content analysis. The most important reason for exercise was self-image, followed closely by psychological and physical health. Among psychological effects, participants reported exercise was most helpful for mood and cognitive symptoms. The prospective ratings demonstrated 10–15% average improvements in global well-being, energy, and negative, cognitive and mood symptoms, with almost no change in psychosis, after individual exercise sessions. This suggests that non-psychotic parameters are more susceptible to inter-session decay of exercise effects, which may reinforce continued exercise participation

Antipsychotic adherence, switching, and health care service utilization among Medicaid recipients with schizophrenia

Douglas L Noordsy1, Glenn A Phillips2, Daniel E Ball2, Walter T Linde-Zwirble31Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH, USA; 2Global Health Outcomes, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 3ZD Associates, Perkasie, PA, USAObjective: To evaluate health care resource utilization in patients with schizophrenia who continued newly prescribed antipsychotic medications, compared with those switching to ­different treatments.Methods: Adults with schizophrenia in the California Medicaid (MediCal) database who ­initiated treatment with index medications in 1998–2001, were classified as having: 1) ­abandoned antipsychotic medications; 2) switched to another medication; or 3) continued with the index antipsychotic, for up to 6 months after the index date.Results: Of 2300 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 1382 (60.1%) continued index medications, 480 (20.9%) switched, and 438 (19.0%) abandoned antipsychotic treatment. Utilization in several resource categories occurred significantly more frequently among patients whose regimens were switched (vs those continuing index medications). These included using psychiatric (24.2% vs 14.5%; P < 0.001) or nonpsychiatric (31.5% vs 24.3%; P < 0.05) emergency services; being admitted to a hospital (10.6% vs 7.4%; P < 0.05); making nonpsychiatric outpatient hospital visits (43.3% vs 36.4%; P < 0.05) or nonpsychiatric physician visits (62.7% vs 56.4%; P < 0.05); and using other outpatient psychiatric (53.3% vs 40.7%; P < 0.001) or nonpsychiatric (82.7% vs 74.6%; P < 0.001) services.Conclusions: Switching antipsychotic medications is associated with significantly increased health care resource utilization (vs continuing treatment).Keywords: antipsychotics, drug therapy, resource use, treatment adherenc

The future of yoga for mental health care

Yoga is an integrated holistic system originating in India that provides a path to alleviate physical, mental, and emotional suffering. Interest in the application of yoga in health care to manage and treat psychiatric conditions has grown. While research and clinical interventions using yoga show promising results for improving mental and emotional well-being, more data are needed. This perspective article summarizes the current evidence on yoga as a treatment for mental health conditions, potential mechanisms of action, future directions, and a call to action for proactive clinical and research agendas for yoga-based interventions in mental health care

Risperidone versus olanzapine among patients with schizophrenia participating in supported employment: Eighteen-month outcomes

This study compares the efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine versus risperidone among patients with schizophrenia who are established in outpatient psychiatric care and entering supported employment. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted among 107 outpatients with schizophrenia, who were cross-titrated to flexible dose risperidone or olanzapine over 2 weeks. Clinical endpoints included time to hospitalization and persistence on assigned medication. Weight, laboratory tests, psychopathology, neurologic side effects, social adjustment and role functioning were assessed at 3-6 month intervals. Data were analyzed first by randomized treatment, and then reassessed controlling for prior medication treatment. The proportion of patients on assigned medication at 18 months was 30.9% for risperidone and 37.3% for olanzapine. Mean doses were 6.4 ± 3.2 mg daily for risperidone, and 17.0 ± 5.0 mg daily for olanzapine. The groups did not differ significantly in time to medication discontinuation, first hospitalization or first employment. There were few differences in psychopathology, laboratory, or neurological assessments between groups at 18 months. Patients randomized to olanzapine gained modestly more weight. Controlling for pre-randomization medication suggested improvement in some aspects of psychopathology from switching medications; however, switching from olanzapine to risperidone was associated with more hospitalizations. Risperidone and olanzapine have similar efficacy and tolerability in patients with schizophrenia who are participating in supported employment. Randomization to olanzapine was associated with more weight gain, but randomization from olanzapine to risperidone appeared to be associated with a greater likelihood of hospitalization. Careful monitoring of metabolic effects and participation in supported employment may have contributed to minimal weight gain and metabolic effects

Treatment of substance abuse in severely mentally ill patients

Substance abuse is the most common comorbid complication of severe mental illness. Current clinical research converges on several emerging principles of treatment that address the scope, pace, intensity, and structure of dual-diagnosis programs. They include a) assertive outreach to facilitate engagement and participation in substance abuse treatment, b) close monitoring to provide structure and social reinforcement, c) integrating substance abuse and mental health interventions in the same program, d) comprehensive, broad-based services to address other problems of adjustment, e) safe and protective living environments, f) flexibility of clinicians and programs, g) stage-wise treatment to ensure the appropriate timing of interventions, h) a longitudinal perspective that is congruent with the chronicity of dual disorders, and i) optimism