Kontrola kakvoće na mliječnim farmama s naglaskom na javnom zdravlju, sigurnosti hrane, zdravlju i dobrobiti životinja

U kontekstu sadašnjeg razvoja na razini EU i europskih maloprodavača može se zaključiti da su zaštita potrošača i sigurnost hrane postali najvažnija akcija u vezi s proizvodnjom hrane životinj¬skog podrijetla. Zdravlje i dobrobit životinja slijede po priori¬tetu. Zaštita je potrebna na tim područjima i treba uvesti garanciju proizvoda. Proizvođači mlijeka moraju pokazati stanje svojih farma u vezi sa sigurnosti hrane i javnog zdravlja kao i zdravlja i dobrobiti životinja. S druge strane, građani i cjelokupna javnost imaju svoje vlastito mišljenje o proizvodima životinja kao i metodama proizvodnje. Njihovo se mišljenje temelji na mnogo aspekata i bezuvjetno je sub¬jektivno. Za prehranbeni lanac predodžba javnosti o proizvodima ži¬votinja postala je glavni problem. U pitanju je dozvola proizvođača mlijeka za proizvodnju i prodaju svojih proizvoda. U mljekarskom sektoru organizacije i farmeri reagirali su uvođenjem sustava za praćenje uobičajenih bolesti. Ovo se praćenje provodi kao klinički nadzor ili testiranje krvi mlijeka kako bi se dobila opća slika zdravstvenog stanja farma. Osim toga, nekoliko je zemalja počelo mudro provoditi, dobro¬voljno ili obvezatno, programe kontrole kakvoće na mliječnim farmama. Praćenje krava (prevladavanja, pojavljivanja) i uvjeti na farmama (faktori rizika) dio su KKM-a u Nizozemskoj. Sakupljeni podaci odmah se upotrebljavaju za konzultacije veterinara u zdravstvenim progra¬mima stada. Može se očekivati da će KKM programi konačno rezultirati programima na temelju HACCE-a za upravljanje kakvoćom pri čemu će prepoznavanje rizika, upravljanje rizikom i prevencija igrati najveću ulogu. Taj će program zadovoljiti zahtjeve koje su postavili EU, danska Vlada i maloprodavači (potrošači) a istodobno pomoći u pop¬ravljanju percepcije sveukupne javnosti o sigurnosti hrane i javnom zdravlju kao i o zdravlju i dobrobiti životinja

The influence of the accessibility of concentrate on the behaviour of cows milked in an automatic milking system

The advantages and disadvantages are discussed of forcing cows to visit the automatic milking parlour regularly by making it the only way for them to obtain supplementary feeds, vs. allowing cows to choose the frequency of their visits to the parlour. An alternative routing method was studied, in which the cows could move freely between the feeding and lying areas, but were stimulated to visit the automatic parlour by making it the only way of accessing the concentrate feeder. Two experiments were conducted, each with 2 treatments and 20 Holstein Friesian dairy cows. In the first treatment of experiment 1, the concentrate feeder was accessible only via the automatic parlour, and in the second treatment of experiment 1, concentrates were freely accessible. In both cases a new portion of concentrate became available once every 2 h. In experiment 2, the concentrate feeder was available only via the automatic parlour. A new portion of concentrate became available every 2 h during the first treatment of this experiment and every 4 h during the second treatment. Results showed that allocation of concentrate in a feeder which can only be reached via the automatic parlour is a good stimulus to attract cows to the parlour on a regular basis, because the milking frequency of these groups increased, and the waiting time in front of the concentrate feeder and the number of aggressive interactions in this area decreased. It is concluded that it is better to make concentrate available once every 4 h than once every 2 h, because this increases concentrate intake and rest in the barn

Особливості викладання курсу політології у вищих військових навчальних закладах України

Висвітлюються проблеми та специфіка викладання курсу “Політологія” для курсантів та студентів Львівського військового інституту Сухопутних військ Збройних сил України.The problems and specific features of teaching the course “Political Science ” for cadets and students of Lviv Military institute of Infantry Military Forces of Ukraine have been regarded

Effect of feeding program during rearing and age at first insemination on performances during subsequent reproduction in young rabbit does

An experiment was performed to study the effect of the feeding program and age at first mating on body growth, feed intake, reproductive performance, and culling of rabbit does over three parities, using 155 does of a strain of New Zealand white rabbits. Three treatments were applied. Ad libitum feeding until first insemination at 14.5 wk (AL-14.5) or 17.5 wk of age (AL-17.5), and restrictive feeding from five wk of age until first insemination at 17.5 wk of age (R-17.5). At first insemination, the BW of AL-14.5 and R-17.5 was similar (3 907 vs. 3 791 ± 46 g, respectively), whereas AL-17.5 does were heavier (4 390 ± 46 g, P <0.001). During reproduction, performance of AL-17.5 was not improved compared to AL-14.5 and R-17.5 does. Al-17.5 does showed a lower feed intake during the first gestation (-25%) and first parity (-10%) than R-17.5, resulting in weight loss (-6%) during the first gestation and decreased litter weights (-19%) and litter growth (-14%) in the first parity. Extended first mating by three wk (17.5 vs. 14.5 wk) but similar BW at first mating did not affect feed intake and BW development during the first three parities. However, the number of live born kits and weight at first kindling, and litter growth in the first parity were improved in R-17.5 (+23%, +18%, and +14%, respectively). Reproductive performance can be improved by restricted feeding during rearing and extended first insemination to 17.5 wk of age. However, the culling rate was not affected by the rearing strateg

Metabolic changes in early lactation and impaired reproductive performance in dairy cows.

This review addresses the suggestion that the decline in dairy reproductive performance, as increasingly observed these days, may be due to a hampered process of metabolic adaptation in early lactating cows. In our opinion, adaptation to the negative energy balance is a gradual process. Because almost all cows do adapt in the long run, it is not possible to classify animals as adapted or non-adapted. The use of risk factors is more appropriate in this case and is discussed in this review. Among them are the body condition score and its derivatives, feed intake, the calculated negative energy balance, and metabolic parameters like the plasma concentration of insulin or the triacylglycerol content in the liver. Moreover, factors that play a role in the link between declined reproductive performance and the metabolic situation of the cow during the early lactating period are discussed. Among these are insulin, insulin-like growth factors, leptin, neuropeptide Y, non-esterified fatty acids, thyroid hormones, urea, and ammonia