Role of Nd3+ nanoparticles on enhanced optical efficiency in borotellurite glass for optical fiber

The main problem of commercial silicate glass fiber is its high-loss and weak optical efficiency. It is very important to produce non-silicate glass fiber with low-loss and high optical efficiency. In this work, low-loss and high optical efficiency of Nd3+ nanoparticles doped borotellurite glass had been produced. The analysis of FTIR spectra shows the presence of functional vibration of tellurite network. The refractive index of borotellurite glass was enhanced in between 1.947 and 2.045 with the increment of Nd3+ nanoparticles. Several excitation bands within UV–Vis range due to the effect of Nd3+ nanoparticles was perceived originating from the ground state 4I9/2 to the excited states 2P3/2, 4G7/2, 4G5/2, 4F9/2, 4F7/2, 4F5/2 and 4F3/2. The glass system shows tendency towards semiconducting behavior as the value of Fermi energy, EF decreases. The high intensity of red emission was found from Nd3+ nanoparticles doped borotellurite glass. Hence, this Nd3+ nanoparticles doped borotellurite glass has immense potential for the development of fiber amplifiers and lasers

Optical properties of erbium doped borotellurite glass system

Erbium doped zinc borotellurite glasses were prepared by using melt-quenching method. The structural properties of the glass samples were determined by using x-ray diffraction (XRD) method and was confirmed its amorphous nature. The density and molar volume is shown to be increased with increasing content of erbium. The refractive index is found to be increased with increasing content of erbium

Effect of lanthanum oxide on optical properties of zinc borotellurite glass system

A series of zinc borotellurite glasses doped with lanthanum oxide with the chemical composition {[(TeO2)0.70(B2O3)0.30]0.7(ZnO)0.30}1-x (La2O3)x where x = 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05 molar fraction have been fabricated using conventional melt-quenching method. The structural properties of the fabricated glass samples were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. XRD result confirmed that the fabricated glasses are amorphous. Density and molar volume of the prepared samples were measured and calculated. The optical properties of the prepared glasses were determined by UV-Vis analysis. The optical absorption spectra reported that the fundamental absorption edge shifts to lower wavelength as the amount of La2O3 increases. The refractive index, direct optical energy band gap, indirect optical energy band gap and Urbach energy had been calculated and analyzed

Pembangunan Lengkung Kadar Pengangkutan Endapan Menggunakan Fluvial-12

Development which takes place in river catchment areas will result in discharge and bed erosion increment or scouring and deposition. The matter stated above will result in the unstability in the river channel. When this happens, there will be failures to the river bank or in the river protection structure and reduce the channel capacity to flow the flood to downstream. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the river channel stability that will happen due to the existing development or the one which will take place in the future in a river catchment area. This study covers several locations at Sungai Kulim in Kedah. In general, this study is conducted to develop sediment rating curve using Fluvial-12 software. The development of sediment rating curve is quite important to check the stability of the reach in response to catchment changes either due to human interference or natural processes. Sediment transport data including bed load, bed material, suspended load and channel cross section is taken at several stations along Sungai Kulim to asses the available sediment transport equations and develop the sediment rating curve

Feature Extraction on Medical Image using 2D Gabor Filter

Mammography is a specific type of imaging that produces an X-ray picture of the human breast. Detection of tumors at an early stage is important step in diagnosis of the abnormalities in mammograms. In many of the cases, preprocessing process of the raw image involving of enhancement, filtering and determination of textural features have been necessary for successful implementation of this study. Raw image is applied histogram equalization method in order to enhance the image intensity. Thus, the noise of that image is eliminated using Gaussian filtering method. Gabor wavelet based algorithm such Gabor filter is used to extract the feature of that images

Solving classification problem using ensemble binarization classifier

Binarization strategy is broadly applied in solving various multi-class classification problems. However, the classifier model learning complexity tends to increase when expanding the number of problems into several replicas. One-Versus-All (OVA) is one of the strategies which transforming the ordinal multi-class classification problems into a series of two-class classification problems. The final output from each classifier model is combined in order to produce the final prediction. This binarization strategy has been proven as superior performance in accuracy than ordinal multi-class classifier model. However, learning model complexity (eg. Random Forest-RF ensemble decision trees) tends to increase when employing a large number of trees. Even though a large number of trees might produce a decent accuracy, generating time of the learning model is significantly longer. Hence, self-tuning tree parameter is introduced to tackle this matter. In such circumstances, a number of trees in the RF classifier are defined according to the number of class problem. In this paper, the OVA with self-tuning is evaluated based on parameter initialization in the context of RF ensemble decision tree. At the same time, the performance has also been compared with two classifier models such J48 and boosting for several well-known datasets

Optical properties of zinc-borotellurite doped samarium

Glasses with chemical compositional {[(TeO2)0.7(B2O3)0.3}]0.7 [ZnO]0.3}1_x {Sm2O3}x, (where x=0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 mol %); were prepared by conventional melt-quenching technique. The structural properties of the prepared glasses were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and FTIR analysis. It was confirmed that the prepared glasses are amorphous. The bonding parameters of the glasses were analyzed by using FTIR analysis and were confirmed to be ionic in nature. The density, molar volume, and optical energy band gap of these glasses have been measured. The refractive index, molar refraction and polarizability of oxide ion have been estimated by using Lorentz-Lorentz relations. The optical absorption spectra of these glasses were revealed that fundamental absorption edge shifts to higher wavelengths as the content of Sm2O3 increases. The refractive index, optical energy band gap and Urbach energy had been calculated and explained

Effect of samarium nanoparticles on optical properties of zinc borotellurite glass system

The glass series of samarium nanoparticles (NPs) doped zinc borotellurite glasses were successfully fabricated by using conventional melt-quenching technique. The structural properties of the prepared glasses were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and FTIR analysis. It was confirmed that the prepared glasses are amorphous in nature. The bonding parameters of the glasses were analyzed by using FTIR analysis and were found the formation of non-bridging oxygen. The density of these glasses were measured and found to be increased with increasing samarium NPs content. The optical absorption spectra of these glasses were revealed that the fundamental absorption edge shifts to higher wavelengths as the content of Sm2O3 (NPs) increases. The optical energy band gap are found to be decreased linearly with an increasing samarium NPs concentration which is due to the formation of non-bridging oxygen in the glass system

Motivation on Environment Factors among Football Spectators Attendance at Shah Alam Stadium

This study aimed to determine the relationship between motivation and environmental factors among football spectators' attendance at Shah Alam Stadium. A total of 113 respondents were involved in this study. The result showed that the highest mean in the motivation factor is 'identification with subculture', which is 3.98 (SD=0.805). Meanwhile, the highest mean in the stadium environment factor is 'desire to stay with 3.91 (SD=0.777). The result showed a significant relationship between motivation and stadium environment factor with a p-value of 0.00, p<0.01. This empirical data will make a better understanding of the motivation of spectator attendance in stadiums Keywords: Spectators; Motivation; Stadium Environment factor eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI7.382

An Investigation of Electromagnetic Field Effect On a Human Skin Cell Using Numerical Method Approaches

Abstract—the investigation between electromagnetic waves (conduction current) and human cell as lossless material has received renewed attention recently. This propagation can come from many sources such as cellular phone. The structure of a human cell were studied from many school of thinking such as biochemical in cell, cytoplasm, nucleus and membrane and the understanding obtained have been used as the basis in the developing of mathematical model. The main objective of this project is to analyze the behavior and determine the parameters of the interaction and propagation in a single cell when expose to electromagnetic wave from lossy material to lossless material such as the attenuation coefficient, electric field and skin depth. The Maxwell equations were used as the basis of the modeling in this project with aid of numerical method approaches specifically Finite-Difference Time Domain (FDTD) techniques and applications. To develop the model MATLAB tool and Graphical Users Interface (GUI) were used. Results obtained from the developed model ware verified with known result obtained from others researchers and with experimentally