Characterization of water droplets size distribution in aviation turbine fuel: ultrasonic homogeniser vs high shear speed mixer

Pumps, pressure drops across fittings, and flight operations (such as turning manoeuvres, take-off, and landing) are some of the many sources of turbulence mixing and shearing in aircraft fuel systems, therefore, making it an inevitable condition. Literature established that shearing conditions would influence the droplets and droplets size distribution in an oil/water emulsion. So, low intensity shearing conditions could be beneficial as it promotes droplets coalescence, which could be a driving force for a weak emulsion. However, to date no experimental data has shown the influence homogenising intensity and total water content has on dispersed water droplets size distribution in aviation fuel. Therefore, to expand knowledge of quantification of measurements of dispersed water droplets in aviation fuel, this study characterizes dispersed water droplets in aviation turbine fuel, varying available laboratory homogenising devices and water content. Results presented show that droplets count increases with water concentration and shearing effect. To provide more statistical evidence, kurtosis and skew values were calculated from the extrapolated data and compared with data from a hexanol/water mixture given that hexanol is likely to form a stable emulsion. Experimental results show that the higher the homogenising intensity the more stable the emulsion is likely to be with a higher kurtosis and skew value close to that for the hexanol/water mixture. Therefore, observations show that mild shearing conditions (high shear mixing in this case) could help promote droplets coalescence, leading to a better separation ability.Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC): EP/N509127/1. Airbus Operations, Filton, Bristol (Reference ID: 1100152106), United Kingdom

Present and projected developments in hydrogen production: a technological review

Energy supplies that are safe, environmentally friendly, dependable, and cost-effective are important for society's long-term growth and improved living standards, though political, social, and economic barriers may inhibit their availability. Constantly increasing energy demand is induced by substantial population growth and economic development, putting an increasing strain on fossil fuel management and sustainability, which account for a major portion of this rising energy demand and, moreover, creates difficulties because of greenhouse gas emissions growth and the depletion of resources. Such impediments necessitate a global shift away from traditional energy sources and toward renewables. Aside from its traditional role, is viewed as a promising energy vector and is gaining international attention as a promising fuel path, as it provides numerous benefits in use case scenarios and, unlike other synthesized carbon-based fuels, could be carbon-free or perhaps even negative on a life-cycle criterion. Hydrogen (H2) is one of the most significant chemical substances on earth and can be obtained as molecular dihydrogen through various techniques from both non-renewable and renewable sources. The drive of this paper is to deliver a technological overview of hydrogen production methods. The major challenges, development and research priorities, and potential prospects for H2 production was discussed

Investigation of water droplet size distribution in conventional and sustainable aviation turbine fuels

Water droplet size variation has been established in the literature as an important variable that influences the behavior and characteristics of water in fuel emulsion. However, with the growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), no data is available that shows how these fuels will affect the size of dispersed water droplets and their frequency distribution. To address this lack of knowledge, this study explores and presents experimental results on the characterization of dispersed water droplets in alternative fuels and Jet A-1 fuel under dynamic conditions. The alternative fuels comprised of two fully synthetic fuels, two fuels synthesized from bio-derived materials, and one bio-derived fuel. The data and statistics presented reveal that water droplet frequency and size distribution are sensitive to changes in fuel composition. Observations showed an evident transition of the droplet percentile over time in the cumulative frequency distribution; this could be attributed to droplet coalescence to form larger droplets. Mean droplet diameters between 3 and 6 μm were observed for all the fuels tested. With further analysis based on recommendations proposed in this work, the data may assist in providing insight to filter manufacturers

A new Environmental, Pollution and Soil Monitoring (EPSm) System

This paper presents the design and development of Environmental, Pollution and Soil Monitoring (EPSm) Station using the four – stage Architecture Design Modelling Development (ADMD) process. The Solar powered EPSm station uses indigenous technology to deliver about Thirteen (13) real time variables, on – board modelling, user-defined functions, remote data transmission to clients’ mobile phones and dedicated website while offering cost effectiveness among others. Data validation and calibration were done using known standard devices. The system was design to lodge data in Comma Separated Value (CSV) format in micro SD card with site coordinates and owner’s information stamped on the data table. The system is design to be highly modular in order to provide the ease of troubleshooting and maintenance if required. The overall features, capabilities and performance of the EPSm station positions it to be a one-stop facility for a wide scenario of environmental variability measurements and succour to research community. Keywords: Automation, Calibration, Modularity, Simulation, Validation

Investigation of Water Droplet Size Distribution in Conventional and Sustainable Aviation Turbine Fuels

Water droplet size variation has been established in the literature as an important variable that influences the behaviour and characteristics of water in fuel emulsion. However, with the growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), no data is available that shows how these fuels will affect dispersed water droplets’ size and frequency distribution. To address this lack of knowledge, this study explores and presents experimental results on the characterization of dispersed water droplets in alternative fuel and conventional Jet A-1 fuel under dynamic conditions. The alternative fuels comprised of two fully synthetic fuels, two fuels synthesised from bio-derived materials and one bio-derived fuel. The data and statistics presented reveal that water droplet frequency and size distribution are sensitive to changes in fuel composition. Observations show that the evident transition of the droplet’s percentile over time in the cumulative frequency distribution could be attributed to droplets coalescence to form larger droplets. Mean droplet diameters between 3 and 6 µm were observed for all the fuels tested. With further analysis based on recommendations proposed in this work, the data may assist in providing insight to filter manufacturers.Airbus/110015210

Treasury Single Account (TSA) and cost of governance: Survey of MDAs in Anambra State

Purpose: This study examines the effect of TSA on Nigeria’s public sector governance cost. Research methodology: This study employed a descriptive survey research design. Ten Federal Ministries, Departments & Agencies (MDAs) in Anambra State constituted the study population. The study chose Ten respondents from each MDA were selected using purposive sampling. This study employed primary data from a structured questionnaire for data collection. Results: The results show that e-accounting and TSA have a substantial impact on national spending by curbing leakages, but with little effect on federally generated revenue. Thus, e-accounting and TSA significantly impact the cost of governance. Limitations: The study relied only on questionnaire responses, which is the perception of public-sector employees in MDAs. Contributions: This study contributes to governance and policy research by identifying the benefits of TSA in reducing the overall cost of governance. Novelty: By integrating all government accounts, enabling the government to track and monitor its activities at any time, and giving the government a comprehensive view of its financial position, this study supports stakeholder theory, in addition to the Public Finance Management Perspective, which maintains that the government should effectively manage all financial resources (mobilization and expenditure) for the benefit of the population

EFFECT OF MONETARY POLICY ON SELECTED MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES IN NIGERIA

This study analyzed the effects of monetary policy on selected macroeconomic variables in Nigeria from 1986 to 2019. The relationship between monetary policy and macroeconomic variables in Nigeria has been a contentious issue due to inconsistent implementation and empirical findings. The study specifically evaluated the impact of monetary policy rate, cash reserve ratio, liquidity ratio, and money supply, as independent variables, on inflation and employment rate, the dependent variables. The study design was ex-post facto and utilized the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) Model for estimation. The analysis revealed a negative and insignificant relationship between the monetary policy instruments and the selected macroeconomic variables. The conclusion was that the Central Bank of Nigeria's monetary policy adjustments have not effectively improved macroeconomic conditions in Nigeria. The study recommended increasing awareness of financial inclusion in rural areas, promoting collaboration between monetary and fiscal policy managers, and directing efforts towards enhancing the development of both the money and capital markets. Keywords: Monetary Policy, Macroeconomic Variables, Nigeria