Formulación y análisis fitoquímico de una bebida potencialmente funcional obtenida de la combinación de un extracto de hojas y pulpa de Annona muricata (Annonaceae)

Background and Aims: Annona muricata beverages are widely used in traditional medicine to treat different ailments; however, they have been little characterized phytochemically and are consumed as sugary beverages, and may contribute to non-communicable diseases, including obesity. The objective of this work was to obtain and characterize a sensorially acceptable beverage from an extract of A. muricata leaves and pulp. Methods: A mixture design was used to formulate nine beverages by combining different ratios of the aqueous extract of A. muricata leaves and pulp. These beverages were subjected to physicochemical and sensory evaluation. Based on these results, one beverage was selected to be characterized by spectrophotometry and compared with an infused and commercial beverage. In addition, the selected beverage was further analyzed for its phytochemical composition by ultra-high-performance chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a photodiode array detector. Key results: The selected beverage was formulated with 25% pulp, 50% leaf extract, and 25% water; it also displayed a 7.63 °Brix, pH 3.42, and 0.40% acidity. This beverage was up to three times higher in bioactive compounds than infused and commercial beverages. Fourteen phenolic compounds and two acetogenins were quantified, while two alkaloids (coclaurine and reticuline) and fifteen acetogenins were tentatively identified. Conclusions: The combination of A. muricata leaf extract and pulp is a vital alternative to obtain a sensorially acceptable beverage that contains bioactive compounds with a potential medicinal action since the phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and acetogenins present in the beverage could have efficient biological activities in the prevention of chronic degenerative diseases.Antecedentes y Objetivos: Las bebidas de Annona muricata se utilizan ampliamente en la medicina tradicional para tratar diferentes padecimientos; sin embargo, han sido poco caracterizadas fitoquímicamente y se consumen como bebidas azucaradas, y pueden contribuir a enfermedades no trasmisibles, entre ellas la obesidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener y caracterizar una bebida sensorialmente aceptable a partir de un extracto de hojas y pulpa de A. muricata. Métodos: Se utilizó un diseño de mezcla para formular nueve bebidas, combinando diferentes proporciones del extracto acuoso de hojas y pulpa de A. muricata. Estas bebidas se sometieron a una evaluación fisicoquímica y sensorial. A partir de estos resultados, se seleccionó una bebida para caracterizarla por espectrofotometría y compararla con una bebida infusionada y otra comercial. Además, se analizó la composición fitoquímica de la bebida seleccionada mediante cromatografía de ultra alta resolución acoplada a espectrometría de masas y cromatografía líquida de alta resolución acoplada a un detector de matriz de fotodiodos. Resultados clave: La bebida seleccionada se formuló con 25% de pulpa, 50% de extracto de hojas y 25% de agua; además, presentó un valor de 7.63 °Brix, un pH 3.42 y una acidez de 0.40%. Esta bebida fue hasta tres veces superior en compuestos bioactivos respecto a las bebidas infusionada y comercial. Se cuantificaron catorce compuestos fenólicos y dos acetogeninas, mientras que se identificaron provisionalmente dos alcaloides (coclaurina y reticulina) y quince acetogeninas. Conclusiones: La combinación de extracto de hojas y pulpa de A. muricata es una alternativa vital para obtener una bebida sensorialmente aceptable que contiene compuestos bioactivos con potencial acción medicinal, ya que los compuestos fenólicos, alcaloides y acetogeninas presentes en la bebida podrían tener actividades biológicas eficientes en la prevención de enfermedades crónicas degenerativas

Calidad poscosecha en mango ‘Kent’ con fertilización normal y alta

Fertilization is important to obtain fruit-quality production. This study was conducted during the period from 2010 to 2014 in two ‘Kent’ mango orchards with different soil conditions in Nayarit, whose objective was to evaluate the effect of specific site fertilization on the production and quality of fruits to harvest and until maturity of consumption. Three levels of fertilization were evaluated: 1) normal dose (for a yield of 20 t ha -1 ); and 2) high dose (normal dose + 50%) and 3) without fertilization (control). Five trees were selected per treatment, marking 20 panicles per tree and harvesting 60 fruits at physiological maturity. Production (kg tree -1 ), fruit size, external appearance, shell and pulp color, firmness and total soluble solids were determined. After harvest the fruits were stored under market simulation (22 ± 2 °C; 70 ± 10% HR), sampling every third day until consumption maturity. It was found that the production of the high and normal dose was superior to the control without fertilization. There were differences by location, years and fertilization doses on the quality and shelf life of the fruits, in weight loss, peel and pulp color, firmness and total soluble solids during the ripening process for consumption. The normal dose had a better effect in lengthening shelf life, reflecting firmness and pulp color. The other variables did not show differences between high and normal doses, but were higher than control. Palabras clave: Mangifera indica L., fertilization dose, firmness, size, total soluble solids.La fertilización es importante para obtener una producción con calidad de fruto. Este estudio se realizó durante el periodo de 2010 a 2014 en dos huertos de mango ‘Kent’ con condiciones diferentes de suelo en Nayarit, cuyo objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la fertilización de sitio específico sobre la producción y calidad de frutos a cosecha y hasta madurez de consumo. Se evaluaron tres niveles de fertilización: 1) dosis normal (rendimiento de 20 t ha -1 ); y 2) dosis alta (dosis normal + 50%) y 3) sin fertilización (control). Se seleccionaron cinco árboles por tratamiento, marcando 20 panículas por árbol y cosechando 60 frutos en madurez fisiológica. Se determinó la producción (kg árbol -1 ), tamaño de fruto, apariencia externa, color de cáscara y pulpa, firmeza y sólidos solubles totales. Después de cosecha los frutos se almacenaron bajo simulación de mercadeo (22 ±2 °C; 70 ±10% HR), muestreando cada tercer día hasta madurez de consumo. Se encontró que la producción de dosis alta y normal fue superior al control. Se presentaron diferencias por localidad, años y dosis de fertilización sobre la calidad y vida de anaquel de los frutos, en pérdida de peso, color de cáscara y pulpa, firmeza y sólidos solubles totales durante el proceso de maduración a consumo. La dosis normal tuvo mejor efecto en alargar la vida de anaquel reflejándose en firmeza y color de pulpa. Las otras variables no presentaron diferencias entre dosis alta y normal, pero fueron superiores al control. Palabras clave: Mangifera indica L., dosis de fertilización, firmeza, sólidos solubles totales, tamaño

La Araña roja en yaca: bioecología y eficacia biológica de acaricidas

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has become an important fruit and represents a production option for tropical areas of Mexico. However, due to its recent introduction, information on its associated pests and diseases and management recommendations is still limited. In 2017, deformation of the leaves, discoloration of the beam and the presence of spider webs on the underside caused by an unknown mite were observed. The objective of this research wasto identify the associated mite, determine its population distribution and fluctuation and evaluate the biological efficacy of acaricides. The study was conducted during 2018-2019 in Nayarit, Mexico. The identified mite is Tetranychus pacificusknown as the red spider. It is distributed in all producing areas of jackfruit in Nayarit. It was mainly detected from November to June with greater infestation in the Tecuitata producing area (0.86 mites’leaf-1) and Jalcocotan (0.57 mites’leaf-1) of the municipality of San Blas. On average in September and October its presence is imperceptible; however, in El Capomo only in July was detected which probably indicates an initial stage of dispersal of the mite. Significant correlation was observed (β= 0.0489, r= -0.73, F= 0.0345, α= 0.05) of the population with the temperature, with a decrease in the population at a higher temperature and accentuated from 26 ° C. No correlation was observed with relative humidity. The highest temperature (27.9 °C) and relative humidity (88.2%) occurred in the month of July and September, respectively, months in which the lowest mite population was observed. The acaricides evaluated exercised significant control. At 21 days after application, differences occurred between treatments and the absolute control (Pr>F= 0.0245). With the application of azadirachtin (1.9 g of iaL-1of water) and mineral oil (16.9 g of iaL-1of water) a control of 75.9% and 72.5%, respectively, was obtained.La yaca (Artocarpus heterophyllus) se ha convertido en un frutal importante y representa una opción de producción para zonas tropicales de México. No obstante, por su reciente introducción, la información sobre sus plagas y enfermedades asociadas y recomendaciones de manejo es aún limitada. En 2017 se observó deformación de hojas, decoloración del haz y presencia de telaraña en el envés causado por un ácaro desconocido. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar el ácaro asociado, determinar su distribución, fluctuación poblacional y evaluación de eficacia biológica de acaricidas. El estudio se realizó durante 2018-2019 en Nayarit, México. El ácaro identificado es Tetranychus pacificus conocido como araña roja. Se distribuye en todas las zonas productoras de yaca en Nayarit. Se detectó de noviembre a junio con mayor infestación en la zona productora de Tecuitata (0.86 ácaros hoja-1) y Jalcocotan (0.57 ácaros hoja-1) del municipio de San Blas. En promedio en septiembre y octubre es imperceptible su presencia; no obstante, en El Capomo sólo se detectó en julio lo que indica una etapa inicial de dispersión del ácaro. Se observó correlación significativa (β= 0.0489, r= -0.73, F= 0.0345, α= 0.05) de la población con la temperatura, con un decremento de la población a mayor temperatura y acentuándose a partir de los 26 °C. No se observó correlación con la humedad relativa. La mayor temperatura (27.9 °C) y humedad relativa (88.2%) ocurrieron en el mes de julio y septiembre, respectivamente, meses en los cuales se observó la menor población de ácaros. Los acaricidas evaluados ejercieron un control significativo. A los 21 días después de la aplicación ocurrieron diferencias entre tratamientos y el testigo absoluto (Pr>F= 0.0245). Con la aplicación de azadiractina (1.9 g de ia L-1 de agua) y aceite mineral (16.9 g de ia L-1 de agua) se obtuvo un control de 75.9% y 72.5%, respectivamente

Influencia del clima y rugosidad sobre la tolerancia a refrigeración del aguacate ‘Hass’

According to the production area in Mexico, avocado ‘Hass’ fruit presents varying degrees of roughness in the shell, which could affect quality and tolerance to refrigeration. The objectives were to quantify the influence of the climate and the degree of hull roughness on the tolerance to refrigeration and post harvest quality of ‘Hass’ fruits. The research was carried out during 2015-2017 in three orchards located in Jalisco, Michoacán and Nayarit. In each region, 15 trees were selected and 20 panicles were marked to harvest a fruit/ panicle with maturity ≥ 21.5% of Dry Matter (MS). Three refrigeration temperatures (4, 6 and 8 °C) were evaluated for three and four weeks of transport simulation and one control. The effect of climate and degree of roughness did not affect refrigeration tolerance, although the degree of roughness affected weight loss. The factor of greatest impact were the temperature and storage time. At higher temperature, greater weight loss and turn color; at lower temperature, greater external damage. At 4 °C the fruit showed longer shelf life with high firmness and no color change, but with external damage. The best storage temperature was 6 °C, as it maintained color and firmness at acceptable levels, with no external damage and five days shelf life after storage. The temperature of 8 °C barely reached for three weeks of simulation of transfer and insufficient for markets of four weeks. Palabras clave: Persea americana Mill., cold damage, post- harvest quality, shelf life, temperature.Según la zona de producción en México, el fruto de aguacate ‘Hass’ presenta diversos grados de rugosidad en la cáscara, lo cual pudiera afectar calidad y tolerancia a la refrigeración. Los objetivos fueron cuantificar la influencia del clima y el grado de rugosidad de cáscara sobre la tolerancia a refrigeración y calidad poscosecha de frutos de ‘Hass’. La investigación se realizó durante 2015-2017 en tres huertos ubicados en Jalisco, Michoacán y Nayarit. En cada región se seleccionaron 15 árboles y en cada uno se marcaron 20 panículas, para cosechar un fruto/panícula con madurez ≥ 21.5% de Materia Seca (MS). Se evaluaron tres temperaturas de refrigeración (4, 6 y 8 °C) por tres y cuatro semanas de simulación de traslado y un testigo. El efecto de clima y grado de rugosidad no incidieron en la tolerancia a refrigeración, aunque el grado de rugosidad afectó pérdida de peso. El factor de mayor impacto fueron la temperatura y el tiempo de almacenamiento. A mayor temperatura, mayor pérdida de peso y vire de color; a menor temperatura, mayor daño externo. A 4 °C el fruto mostró mayor vida de anaquel con firmeza elevada y sin vire de color, pero con daño externo. La mejor temperatura de almacenamiento fue 6 °C, ya que mantuvo color y firmeza a niveles aceptables, sin daño externo y con cinco días de vida de anaquel después del almacenamiento. La temperatura de 8 °C escasamente alcanzó para tres semanas de simulación de traslado e insuficiente para mercados de cuatro semanas. Palabras clave: Persea americana Mill., calidad poscosecha, daño por frío, temperatura, vida de anaquel

Efecto de recubrimientos en la maduración de yaca almacenada en condición simulada de mercadeo

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of coating on the maturation process and jackfruit quality. The fruits in physiological maturity were treated or not with two commercial coatings Natural Shine® 505-OR (40% v/v, R1) or SemperfreshTM (3% v/v, R2); were subsequently stored for 5 days at 8 or 13 °C simulating transportation to the United States of America and then stored at a temperature of 25 °C, simulating their commercialization. The witness fruits were stored at 25 °C until consumption maturity. Breathing speed (VR), ethylene production (VPE) and physical and chemical parameters were measured. The fruits stored at 25 °C presented the climatic peak and maximum VPE at 3 and 5 days of storage, respectively; however, the uncoated and coated fruits stored in refrigeration and then at room temperature, the apparition of the climatic peak and maximum VPE was delayed. The fruits stored for 5 days at 8 °C and coated with Semperfresh managed to extend the shelf life by 9 days relative to the fruits stored at 25 °C and 7 days with the fruits refrigerated at the same temperature, but without coating. It was concluded that the application of Semperfresh coating and storage at 8 °C for 5 days with subsequent storage at 25 °C may be an alternative to preserve the jackfruit for up to 17 daysEl objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de recubrimientos en el proceso de maduración y calidad de yaca. Los frutos en madurez fisiológica fueron tratados o no con dos recubrimientos comerciales Natural Shine® 505-OR (40% v/v, R1) o SemperfreshTM (3% v/v, R2); posteriormente fueron almacenados por 5 días a 8 o 13ºC simulando el transporte a Estados Unidos de América y después almacenados a temperatura de 25 ºC, simulando su comercialización. Los frutos testigo fueron almacenados a 25 ºC hasta madurez de consumo. Se midió la velocidad de respiración (VR), producción de etileno (VPE) y parámetros físicos y químicos. Los frutos almacenados a 25 ºC presentaron el pico climatérico y máxima VPE a los 3 y 5 días de almacenamiento, respectivamente; sin embargo, los frutos sin recubrir y recubiertos almacenados en refrigeración y después a temperatura ambiente, se retrasó la aparición del pico climatérico y máxima VPE. Los frutos almacenados por 5 días a 8 ºC y recubiertos con Semperfresh lograron alargar la vida de anaquel por 9 días respecto a los frutos almacenados a 25 ºC y 7 días con los frutos refrigerados a la misma temperatura, pero sin recubrir. Se concluyó que la aplicación del recubrimiento Semperfresh y el almacenamiento a 8 ºC por 5 días con posterior almacenamiento a 25 ºC puede ser una alternativa para conservar el fruto de yaca hasta por 17 día

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Psidium cattleianum Leaves: Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology

In this study, conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of soluble polyphenols from Psidium cattleianum (PC) leaves were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) by assessing the effect of extraction time (XET = 2, 4, and 6 min), sonication amplitude (XSA = 60, 80, and 100%), and pulse cycle (XPC = 0.4, 0.7, and 1 s). Furthermore, the optimized UAE conditions were compared with a conventional aqueous–organic extraction (AOE) method for extracting total phenolics; moreover, a phenolic profile using HPLC and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were also compared. According to the RSM, the best conditions for UAE to extract the highest soluble polyphenol content and yield (158.18 mg/g dry matter [DM] and 15.81%) include a 100% sonication amplitude for 4 min at 0.6 s of pulse cycle. The optimal UAE conditions exhibited an effectiveness of 1.71 times in comparison to the AOE method for extracting total phenolics, in 96.66% less time; moreover, PC leaf extracts by UAE showed higher antioxidant values than AOE. Additionally, gallic, protocateic, chlorogenic, caffeic, coumaric, trans-cinnamic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids, as well as kaempferol were identified in PC leaves under UAE. PC leaf extracts are widely used for therapeutic and other industrial purposes; thus, the UAE proves to be a useful technology with which to improve the yield extraction of PC leaf phytochemicals

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on jackfruit with marketing simulation at 8°C

Jackfruit is a tropical fruit and competes with traditional crops such as mango, banana, and pineapple with regard to the quantity exported from the state of Nayarit, Mexico. Because jackfruit is a climacteric fruit with a high respiration rate and ethylene production, it has a limited market due to its short shelf life. The effect of the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) post-harvest to extend the shelf life of jackfruit was studied. Physiologically mature fruits were used and 1-MCP was applied at concentrations of 300, 600, and 1000 nL·L−1; control fruit without treatment was also evaluated. The fruits were stored for 5 days at 8°C and then were stored at 25°C to simulate the commercialization of the fruit. An absolute control group stored permanently at 25°C was used. The following analyses were carried out: physiologic and physicochemical factors, antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, total carotenoids, total soluble phenols, and sensory evaluation of the fruits when ripe. The climacteric peak for the absolute controls and fruit treated with 1-MCP (300, 600, and 1000 nL·L−1) occurred on days 3, 14, 17, and 17 respectively, prolonging the climacteric peak by an average of 13 days. The maximum rates of ethylene production were reported on days 3, 15, 17, and 17 in the same order, prolonging this by an average of 13 days. The treatment with 1-MCP (600 nL·L−1) extended the shelf life of jackfruit by 9 days compared with the absolute control, preserving the physicochemical, phytochemical, and sensory characteristics for up to 17 days of storage, confirming that the application of 1-MCP post-harvest is effective, providing the opportunity to increase the export destinations of Mexican jackfruit.Keywords: Jackfruit; 1-Methylcyclopropene; Marketing conditions; Physiologic and physicochemical parameters; Total soluble phenols; Antioxidant capacit

Effect of 1-methylcyclopropene on jackfruit with marketing simulation at 8°C

Jackfruit is a tropical fruit and competes with traditional crops such as mango, banana, and pineapple with regard to the quantity exported from the state of Nayarit, Mexico. Because jackfruit is a climacteric fruit with a high respiration rate and ethylene production, it has a limited market due to its short shelf life. The effect of the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) post-harvest to extend the shelf life of jackfruit was studied. Physiologically mature fruits were used and 1-MCP was applied at concentrations of 300, 600, and 1000 nL·L−1; control fruit without treatment was also evaluated. The fruits were stored for 5 days at 8°C and then were stored at 25°C to simulate the commercialization of the fruit. An absolute control group stored permanently at 25°C was used. The following analyses were carried out: physiologic and physicochemical factors, antioxidant capacity, vitamin C, total carotenoids, total soluble phenols, and sensory evaluation of the fruits when ripe. The climacteric peak for the absolute controls and fruit treated with 1-MCP (300, 600, and 1000 nL·L−1) occurred on days 3, 14, 17, and 17 respectively, prolonging the climacteric peak by an average of 13 days. The maximum rates of ethylene production were reported on days 3, 15, 17, and 17 in the same order, prolonging this by an average of 13 days. The treatment with 1-MCP (600 nL·L−1) extended the shelf life of jackfruit by 9 days compared with the absolute control, preserving the physicochemical, phytochemical, and sensory characteristics for up to 17 days of storage, confirming that the application of 1-MCP post-harvest is effective, providing the opportunity to increase the export destinations of Mexican jackfruit.Keywords: Jackfruit; 1-Methylcyclopropene; Marketing conditions; Physiologic and physicochemical parameters; Total soluble phenols; Antioxidant capacit

Reguladores de crecimiento en mango: su relación con carbohidratos número y tamaño de células

Growth regulators increase fruit size by modifying the distribution pattern of photosynthates, or by increasing the number and size of cells. The objective was to determine the effect of growth regulators on the accumulation of sugars and on the number and size of cells in ‘Ataulfo’ mango. The treatments were: T1 application of 50 mg L-1 of TDZ at 0 days after full bloom (DDF) combined with three applications of AG3 (50 mg L-1) at 15 + 30 + 45 DDF. The T2 corresponded to the application of TDZ + AG3 (50 mg L -1 of c/u) at 15 + 30 + 45 + 60 DDF. The T3 Witness. The experimental design was completely randomized, three treatments with four replications and one tree as a useful plot were evaluated. The variables evaluated were fruit length and diameter, carbohydrate content, number and size of cells. It was possible to increase fruit size up to 20% with T1 and 23% with T2, with respect to the control. The sugar content was similar in fruits with or without growth regulator. At 45 DDF, the number of cells ranged from 3 526 to 4 603 mm2, T1 had the highest number but was statistically equal to that found in T2. At T2 the cell size increased 30%, in relation to the control and 23% with respect to the fruits of T1. The increase in parthenocarpic fruit size was associated with greater cell division and elongation. The pollinated fruits had larger cells than the parthenocarpic ones. Palabras clave: Mangifera indica L., cell size, cytokinins, fruit growth, gibberellins, sugars.Los reguladores de crecimiento incrementan el tamaño de fruto al modificar el patrón de distribución de fotosintatos, o al incrementar el número y tamaño de células. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de reguladores de crecimiento en la acumulación de azúcares y en el número y tamaño de células en mango ‘Ataulfo’. Los tratamientos fueron: T1 aplicación de 50 mg L-1 de TDZ a 0 días después de plena floración (DDF) combinado con tres aplicaciones de AG3 (50 mg L-1) a 15+30+45 DDF. T2 correspondió a la aplicación de TDZ+AG3 (50 mg L-1 de c/u) a los 15+30+45+ 60 DDF. T3 Testigo. El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar, se evaluaron tres tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones y un árbol como parcela útil. Las variables evaluadas fueron: longitud y diámetro de frutos, contenido de carbohidratos, número y tamaño de células. Se logró incrementar el tamaño de fruto hasta 20% con T1 y de 23% con T2, respecto al testigo. El contenido de azúcares fue similar en los frutos con o sin regulador de crecimiento. A los 45 DDF, el número de células varió de 3 526 a 4 603 mm2, T1 presentó el mayor número aunque fue estadísticamente igual al encontrado en T2. En T2 el tamaño de las células se incrementó 30%, con relación al testigo y 23% respecto a los frutos de T1. El incremento logrado en el tamaño de frutos partenocárpicos estuvo asociado a una mayor división y elongación celular. Los frutos polinizados tuvieron células más grandes que los partenocárpicos. Palabras clave: Mangifera indica L., azúcares, citocininas, crecimiento de fruto, giberelinas, tamaño de células