An Electromagnetic Steering System for Magnetic Nanoparticle Drug Delivery

Targeted delivery of pharmaceutical agents to the brain using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) is an efficient technique to transport molecules to disease locations. MNPs can cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and can be concentrated at a specific location in the brain using non-invasive electromagnetic forces. The proposed EMA consists of two coil-core system. The cores are added in the center of each coil to concentrate the flux in the region of interest. The EMA can enhance the gradient field 10 times compared to only coil system and generate the maximum magnetic field of 160 mT and 5.6 T/m. A 12-kW direct-current power supply was used to generate sufficient magnetic forces on the MNPs by regulating the input currents of the coils. Effective guidance of MNPs is demonstrated via simulations and experiments using 800-nm-diameter MNPs in a Y-shaped channel. The developed EMA system has high potentials to increase BBB crossing of MNPs for efficient drug targeting to brain region

Functionalized Magnetic Force Enhances Magnetic Nanoparticle Guidance: From Simulation to Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier in vivo

In recent studies, we introduced the concept of functionalized magnetic force as a method to prevent nanoparticles from sticking to vessel walls caused by extensive simulation and in vitro experiments involving a Y-shaped channel. In this study, we further investigated the effectiveness of the functionalized magnetic force with a realistic 3D vessel through simulations. For the simulations, we considered a more realistic continuous injection of particles with different magnetic forces and frequencies. Based on the results from our simulation studies, we performed in vivo mice experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of using a functionalized magnetic force to aid magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To implement the functionalized magnetic force, we developed an electromagnetic actuator regulated by a programmable direct current (DC) power supply. Our results indicate that a functionalized magnetic field can effectively prevent MNPs from sticking, and also guide them across the BBB. We used 770-nm fluorescent carboxyl MNPs in this study. Following intravenous administration of MNPs into mice, we applied an external magnetic field (EMF) to mediate transport of the MNPs across the BBB and into the brain. Furthermore, we evaluated the differential effects of functionalized magnetic fields (0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz) and constant magnetic fields on the transport of MNPs across the BBB. Our results showed that a functionalized magnetic field is more effective than a constant magnetic field in the transport and uptake of MNPs across the BBB in mice. Specifically, applying a functionalized magnetic field with a 3 A current and 0.5 Hz frequency mediated the greatest transport and uptake of MNPs across the BBB in mic

Functionalized Magnetic Force Enhances Magnetic Nanoparticle Guidance: From Simulation to Crossing of the Blood-Brain Barrier in vivo

In recent studies, we introduced the concept of functionalized magnetic force as a method to prevent nanoparticles from sticking to vessel walls caused by extensive simulation and in vitro experiments involving a Y-shaped channel. In this study, we further investigated the effectiveness of the functionalized magnetic force with a realistic 3D vessel through simulations. For the simulations, we considered a more realistic continuous injection of particles with different magnetic forces and frequencies. Based on the results from our simulation studies, we performed in vivo mice experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of using a functionalized magnetic force to aid magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To implement the functionalized magnetic force, we developed an electromagnetic actuator regulated by a programmable direct current (DC) power supply. Our results indicate that a functionalized magnetic field can effectively prevent MNPs from sticking, and also guide them across the BBB. We used 770-nm fluorescent carboxyl MNPs in this study. Following intravenous administration of MNPs into mice, we applied an external magnetic field (EMF) to mediate transport of the MNPs across the BBB and into the brain. Furthermore, we evaluated the differential effects of functionalized magnetic fields (0.25, 0.5, and 1 Hz) and constant magnetic fields on the transport of MNPs across the BBB. Our results showed that a functionalized magnetic field is more effective than a constant magnetic field in the transport and uptake of MNPs across the BBB in mice. Specifically, applying a functionalized magnetic field with a 3 A current and 0.5 Hz frequency mediated the greatest transport and uptake of MNPs across the BBB in mic

Osmotin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles with electromagnetic guidance for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disease, pathologically characterized by the accumulation of aggregated amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain.</p

An Optimized Field Function Scheme for Nanoparticle Guidance in Magnetic Drug Targeting systems

Magnetic drug targeting is an approach to guide and concentrate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into the diseased target organ after being injected into blood vessels. Although many works for drug targeting have been conducted, there are few studies on delivering the nanoparticles to the target region. Drug delivery performance has not been addressed sufficiently or fully. In this paper, we investigate the effect of dominant factors to MNPs delivery performance. Then, an optimized field function scheme with a pulsed magnetic actuation is proposed to significantly improve the MNPs guidance performance. With a specific condition of blood vessel size, particle size, and applied magnetic field, the optimized parameters of the field function are selected through extensive simulation studies. We find out that the optimal negative and positive time for the magnetic pulsed field mainly depends on the exit time for particles to reach the bifurcation and the critical time as the maximum time for them to reach the vessels wall, respectively. With the chosen parameters, we show that ratios of correctly guided particles in a Y-channel are reached to 100%. In addition, to minimize the power consumption, a modified field function (MFF) scheme is introduced. The MFF includes a no-power time, called zero-time, between the positive and negative time. It is shown that with the proposed MFF, the energy consumption and the heating problem of the actuator system can be significantly reduced. Therefore, the proposed guidance scheme for MNPs can overcome the sticking issue and maximize the guidance performance as well as reducing the power consumption. It should be noted that the MFF can be easily implement by programmable DC power supplies connected to electromagnetic coil

An optimized field function scheme for nanoparticle guidance in magnetic drug targeting systems

Magnetic drug targeting is an approach to guide and concentrate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into the diseased target organ after being injected into blood vessels. Although many works for drug targeting have been conducted, there are few studies on delivering the nanoparticles to the target region. Drug delivery performance has not been addressed sufficiently or fully. In this paper, we investigate the effect of dominant factors to MNPs delivery performance. Then, an optimized field function scheme with a pulsed magnetic actuation is proposed to significantly improve the MNPs guidance performance. With a specific condition of blood vessel size, particle size, and applied magnetic field, the optimized parameters of the field function are selected through extensive simulation studies. We find out that the optimal negative and positive time for the magnetic pulsed field mainly depends on the exit time for particles to reach the bifurcation and the critical time as the maximum time for them to reach the vessels wall, respectively. With the chosen parameters, we show that ratios of correctly guided particles in a Y-channel are reached to 100%. In addition, to minimize the power consumption, a modified field function (MFF) scheme is introduced. The MFF includes a no-power time, called zero-time, between the positive and negative time. It is shown that with the proposed MFF, the energy consumption and the heating problem of the actuator system can be significantly reduced. Therefore, the proposed guidance scheme for MNPs can overcome the sticking issue and maximize the guidance performance as well as reducing the power consumption. It should be noted that the MFF can be easily implement by programmable DC power supplies connected to electromagnetic coil

Plasma information-based virtual metrology (PI-VM) and mass production process control

© 2022, The Korean Physical Society.In this paper, we review the development of plasma engineering technology that improves dramatically the production efficiency of OLED (organic light-emitting diode) displays and semiconductor manufacturing by utilizing a process monitoring methodology based on the physical domain knowledge. The domain knowledge consists of plasma-heating and sheath physics, plasma chemistry and plasma-material surface reaction kinetics, and plasma diagnostics. Based on this, a plasma information-based virtual metrology (PI-VM) algorithm was developed drastically enhanced process prediction performance by parameterizing plasma information (PI) which can trace the states of processing plasmas. PI-VM has superior process prediction accuracy compared to the classical statistics-based virtual metrologies. The developed PI-VM algorithms adopted for practical processing issues such as the control and management of the OLED-display mass production demonstrated savings of approximately 25% of the yield loss over the past 5 years. This improvement was achieved with the development of FDC (fault detection and classification) and APC (advanced process control) logic, which can be developed through the analysis of the physical characteristics of the feature parameters used in PI-VM with the evaluation of their contributions and their correlations to the processing results. PI-VM provides leverage that can be applied in the development of process equipment and factory automation technologies.N