Eficiência de uso de cobre em cultivares de soja

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of copper use efficiency in soybean cultivars, grown on a typical Ultisol with a high organic matter content, on soil chemical properties and on plant grain yield, nutritional state, and physiological components. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions, in a 5×4 factorial arrangement, with five soybean cultivars (TMG 1066RR, BRS 360RR, NA 6262RR, BMX Turbo RR, and BRS 359RR) and four Cu rates (0, 2, 4, and 8 mg kg-1). Under the studied soil conditions, the DTPA-TEA and Mehlich-1 extractants were efficient in determining available Cu in the soil. Regardless of the cultivars, Cu application increased grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), number of pods per pot, GY/SDWY ratio, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and chlorophyll content. However, Cu use efficiency varied significantly among the different soybean genotypes. Except for Cu, soil chemical attributes and foliar and grain nutrient contents are not influenced by Cu rates nor by soybean cultivars.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da eficiência do uso de cobre em cultivares de soja, cultivadas em Argissolo típico com alto teor de matéria orgânica, sobre os atributos químicos do solo e a produção de grãos, o estado nutricional e os componentes fisiológicos das plantas. O experimento foi realizado em condições de casa de vegetação, em arranjo fatorial 5×4, com cinco cultivares de soja (TMG 1066RR, BRS 360RR, NA 6262RR, BMX Turbo RR e BRS 359RR) e quatro doses de Cu (0, 2, 4 e 8 mg kg-1). Nas condições de solo estudadas, os extratores DTPA-TEA e Mehlich 1 foram eficientes na determinação do Cu disponível no solo. Independentemente das cultivares, a aplicação de cobre aumentou a produção de grãos (PG), a produção de massa seca da parte aérea (PMSPA), o número de vagens por vaso, a relação PG/PMSPA, a taxa fotossintética, a condutância estomática, a concentração interna de CO2, a taxa transpiratória e o teor de clorofila. No entanto, a eficiência do uso de Cu variou significativamente entre os diferentes genótipos de soja. Exceto para Cu, os atributos químicos do solo e os teores de nutrientes das folhas e dos grãos não são influenciados pelas doses de Cu nem pelas cultivares de soja

Effect of slag, lime and nitrogen in silicon absorption and production of the marandu palisadegrass

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar os efeitos da escória comparados ao calcário na presença de nitrogênio quanto à disponibilidade de silício no solo, no crescimento e na absorção de Si pela Brachiaria brizantha. Desenvolveu-se o estudo em casa de vegetação, realizando dois cortes no capim-marandu. Os tratamentos utilizados foram duas fontes de material corretivo (escória de siderurgia de aciaria e calcário dolomítico), três doses de material corretivo (0,81; 1,61 e 3,22 g dm-3 de ECaCO3), três doses de nitrogênio (75, 150 e 300 mg dm-3) e uma testemunha absoluta. Determinou-se a concentração de Si "disponível" no solo, a massa seca e os teores de Si e de N na parte aérea da forrageira. Verificou-se que as doses de escória aumentaram as concentrações de Si no solo e na planta, diminuindo, porém, o acúmulo de N no capim. O calcário não afetou a absorção de Si no primeiro corte, porém, diminuiu no segundo. A adubação nitrogenada associada à escória incrementa a produção de massa seca e a absorção de Si pelo capim-marandu.This research was carried out in greenhouse conditions with the objective to evaluate the effects of slag and lime plus nitrogen on the soil silicon availability and growth and silicon absorption and growth of marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha), with two cuts. The treatments were two corrective material types (slag and lime), three corrective material rates (0.81; 1.61 and 3.22 g dm-3 of ECaCO3), three nitrogen rates (75, 150 and 300 mg dm-3) plus a control treatment, with four replications. The evaluated parameters were: available soil silicon, dry matter production and shoot silicon and nitrogen. Slag rates increased soil and plant silicon contents, but decreased plant nitrogen contents. Plant silicon uptake was not affected by lime in the first cutting, but it was reduced in the second cutting. Nitrogen fertilization plus slag increased dry matter yield and plant silicon contents

METAIS PESADOS EM SOLO TRATADO COM LODO DE ESGOTO E CULTIVADO COM CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR

O lodo de esgoto é um resíduo resultante do tratamento das águas servidas, e por ser gerado em larga escala, é fonte constante de preocupação no que se refere à contaminação ambiental. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os efeitos da incorporação do lodo de esgoto, em solo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar, sobre os teores fitodisponíveis de Cr, Ni, Pb e Zn em amostras de solo coletadas nas linhas e entrelinhas de cultivo. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em área do viveiro experimental da COPLANA, Guariba-SP, em Argissolo Vermelho, textura média. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2+1, com 3 repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram quatro doses de lodo de esgoto (0, 10, 20 e 40 t ha-1), dois níveis de fertilização mineral (50 e 100 % da dose recomendada) e um tratamento adicional testemunha. Houve efeito significativo de todos os tratamentos sobre a testemunha. A aplicação de doses crescentes de lodo de esgoto aumentou as concentrações de Cr, Ni Pb e Zn no solo (linha e entrelinha), sendo, a dose de 40 t ha-1 de lodo de esgoto a que promoveu as maiores concentrações de metais pesados no solo

Sintomas de deficiência e acúmulo de micronutrientes na mamoneira cultivada em solução nutritiva

Castor bean is a nutrient-demanding species, but there is still little information on its micronutrient requirements. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of levels of B (2.5, 12.5 and 25.0 µmol L-1), Cu (0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 µmol L-1), Mn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) and Zn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) in a nutrient solution on plant B, Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations and uptake, vegetative growth and fruit yield of castor bean "Iris", grown in greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The first deficiency symptoms were observed for B, followed by Zn, Cu and Mn. The main changes in the cell ultrastructure due to lack of B were thickening of the cell walls and middle lamellae, distorted chloroplasts and tightly stacked thylakoids, besides the absence of starch grains. The Mn, Zn and Cu deficiencies led to disruption of chloroplasts, disintegration of thylakoids and absence of amyloplasts. The concentration and uptake of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in castor bean plants increased with micronutrient supply in the solution. Fruit yield was drastically reduced by B and Mn deficiencies. On the other hand, the dry matter yield of the shoot and root of castor bean plants was not. In the treatment with full nutrient solution, the leaves accumulated 56 and 48 % of the total B and Mn taken up by the plants, respectively, and the seeds and roots 85 and 61 % of the total Cu and Zn taken up, respectively. This shows the high demand of castor bean Iris for B and Mn for fruit yield

Cadmium, chromium, lead and zinc in maize plants and oxisol after nine annual applications of sewage sludge

As maiores limitações para o uso do lodo de esgoto em áreas agrícolas são os riscos de contaminação do solo com metais pesados e sua possível transferência para a cadeia alimentar. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar os teores de Cd, Cr, Pb e Zn no solo, utilizando-se dois métodos de extração (HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl e HClO4 + HF), o acúmulo destes elementos em plantas de milho cultivadas em Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico no nono ano de aplicação de lodo de esgoto, bem como seus efeitos na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos. O experimento foi instalado em condições de campo em Jaboticabal-SP, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam a doses acumuladas por nove anos consecutivos de lodo de esgoto (45,0; 90,0 e 127,5 t ha-1, base seca) e um tratamento testemunha que recebeu fertilização mineral com base na análise de solo. O lodo de esgoto foi aplicado manualmente e incorporado ao solo com grade a 0,1 m de profundidade antes da semeadura do milho. Os teores médios de Cd no solo não variaram em função das doses de lodo e dos métodos de extração. Por outro lado, os teores médios de Cr, Pb e Zn no solo obtidos pela digestão com HClO4 + HF foram de 72,4; 31,8 e 62,3 %, respectivamente, superiores àqueles encontrados pela digestão que empregou HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl. Contudo, quando se avaliou apenas o efeito das doses de lodo no solo, em ambos os métodos de extração, verificou-se diferença entre os tratamentos apenas para a concentração de Zn no solo. Exceto o Cd, que não foi detectado, de modo geral, os teores e os acúmulos de Cr, Pb e Zn nas partes das plantas de milho aumentaram com as aplicações de lodo de esgoto. Os teores de Cr, Pb e Zn nos grãos, quando detectados, permaneceram abaixo dos limites máximos estabelecidos para o consumo humano conforme a legislação brasileira. A adição de lodo de esgoto e a fertilização mineral, por longo período, apresentaram efeitos semelhantes na produção de matéria seca e na produtividade de grãos de milho.A major limitation for using sewage sludge in agriculture is the risk of soil contamination with heavy metals and their possible transference to humans via food chain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil content of Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn by two digestion methods (HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl and HClO4 + HF) in maize plants grown on a Typic Eutrorthox soil treated with sewage sludge for nine consecutive years, and the effects on dry matter and grain yield. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in Jaboticabal, State of São Paulo, in a randomized block design with four treatments and five replicates. Treatments consisted of: accumulated rates of sewage sludge (45.0, 90.0 and 127.5 t ha-1, dry basis) applied during nine consecutive years and a control treated with mineral fertilizers according to soil analysis. Sewage sludge was manually applied to the soil and incorporated at a depth of 0.1 m prior to maize sowing. The mean Cd concentration in soil was not affected by sewage sludge rates and extraction methods. On the contrary, the mean soil concentrations of Cr, Pb and Zn extracted by HClO4 + HF were 72.4, 31.8 and 62.3 %, respectively, higher than those obtained by the HNO3 + H2O2 + HCl. However, when the effect of sewage sludge rates was evaluated, it was verified that only soil Zn concentration was affected by the treatments. Except for Cd, which was not detected, the accumulated contents of Cr, Pb and Zn in the different parts of maize plants were generally affected by successive applications of sewage sludge to the soil. Heavy metal contents in the grains, when detected, were in the acceptable range for human consumption, according to Brazilian legislation. The effects of long-term sewage sludge and mineral soil fertilization on dry matter and grain yield were similar

Filming a hidden resource: The soil in the seventh art narrative

The general public often perceives soil as a hidden resource. In recent years, the film industry has shown an increasing awareness about the soil environment. Indeed, as public opinion about environmental problems has increased, soil as a natural resource has become more popular in public discourse, and, consequently, the film industry, partly because of its ability to showcase public concerns and mainstream opinion. This review aims to identify depictions of soil in films and the following consequences regarding their impact on society. We investigated movies containing different perspectives and aimed to understand: i) the role of the soil environment in their message; ii) how soil was approached by filmmakers; iii) how and to what extent such an approach changed along the investigated period; and finally; iv) how “soil movies” should be used as an innovative educative and didactic tool. Nine hundred and eighty movies where soils represent a direct or indirect source of inspiration or background for the movie’s storytelling were analyzed (from 1903 to 2022). Several approaches to soil resources were observed, which led us to seek quantitative data, too. Results showed that soil has been represented with approaches often far from the simple idea of soil as a static backdrop. Scriptwriters and directors have moved from a stylistic representation of soil to one that includes the soil environment in the main narrative by using innovative metaphoric approaches. With its ability to represent soil as a natural resource, this review demonstrates that “soil movies” can strongly contribute to spreading knowledge about this fragile and non-renewable resource, encouraging its use for educational purposes

Addressing DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms with potentially toxic elements for assessing the nutritional status of Eucalyptus amended with sewage sludge

Background: The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) gave valuable indices of the nutritional status of Eucalyptus amended with sewage sludge (SS). Aims: Our objective was to establish a DRIS norms and analytical method for Eucalyptus under SS application, by verifying in particular, the influence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) on the nutritional and plant development. Method: Data on mean annual increment, nutrient, and PTE concentration were obtained in an experiment at 22, 44, 54, and 76 months after planting Eucalyptus amended with SS. Results: Our results indicated that DRIS can give valuable data on the nutritional balance indices, in which it was possible to verify that Ba was the most limiting element due to its excess present both in the low and high yielding subpopulations, ranging from 10 to 40% of the populations with excess of Ba. The nutritional diagnosis in agreement with the DRIS model ranged from 60 to 98% among the populations. When modeling the DRIS functions with inclusion of PTEs, a consistent evaluation of the Eucalyptus nutritional status was observed, which generated more reliable indices that were able to rank the limiting elements for the Eucalyptus productivity. Conclusion: The new approach proved to be an effective tool for interpreting DRIS indices, by presenting reliable data when PTEs are included. Thus, the inclusion of PTEs in DRIS functions can provide valuable information, by determining which element can cause more damage to the plants. The need for specific norms for each region, plant age and sludge management are highlighted

Tolerance and Adaptability of Tomato Genotypes to Saline Irrigation

High salt concentration in irrigation water is often a limiting factor to tomato production in Brazil. However, there is limited information available regarding the tolerance of tomato genotypes to saline irrigation. An experiment was conducted in a protected environment using a randomized block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of 12 tomato genotypes cultivated in an environment with varying levels of salt stress. Moderate and severe salt stress affected plant height, transversal and longitudinal diameter of fruit, fresh mass, yield, and number of tomato fruit per plant. Cluster analysis, stability, and adaptability provided the best estimates to identify the most adaptable genotype to saline stress, with the genotypes Maestrina, Onix, Pizzadoro, and Shanty being the best adapted to moderate and severe saline stress conditions. The genotypes Maestrina, Onix, Pizzadoro, and Shanty were identified as most adaptable to and stable under salt stress. Sodium absorption increased as irrigation salinity increased. In addition, P, K, and Ca concentration decreased under salt stress, which caused damage to all yield components and plant nutrition. The genotype Onix was more tolerant to the effects of moderate saline irrigation, while the genotypes Sheena, Sperare, Santa Clara, IPA 6, and Dominador had lower losses under severe salt stress conditions

Soybean Seed Enrichment with Cobalt and Molybdenum as an Alternative to Conventional Seed Treatment

Biological nitrogen fixation in soybean is enhanced when seed is treated with cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) prior to planting. In this study, our objective was to verify if Co and Mo application during the reproductive phase of the crop increases seed Co and Mo concentration without adverse effects on seed quality. Two experiments were conducted. First, we investigated foliar and soil Co and Mo application under greenhouse conditions. Next, we validated the results obtained in the first study. The treatments for both experiments consisted of Co doses combined with Mo, and a control without Co and Mo application. The foliar application was more efficient in producing enriched Co and Mo seed; meanwhile, as Co doses increased so did Co and Mo concentrations in the seed. There were no adverse effects on nutrition, development, quality, and yield of parent plants and seed when these micronutrients were applied. The seed showed higher germination, vigor, and uniformity for the development of soybean seedlings. We concluded that the application of 20 g ha−1 Co and 800 g ha−1 Mo via foliar application at the reproductive stage of soybean increased germination rate and achieved the best growth and vigor index of enriched seed

Potential Soil Remineralizers from Silicate Rock Powders (SRP) as Alternative Sources of Nutrients for Agricultural Production (Amazon Region)

The demand for mineral fertilizers has increased over the years. In the states of Amazonas and Roraima, acquiring conventional fertilizers used in agriculture is challenging due to the distance from large production centers. In these regions, alternative fertilizers are needed to maintain food security. However, research in agrominerals of silicate rock powders (SRP) is still incipient. The objective of this research was to characterize three important Units of Agrogeological Interest in the Manaus/Boa Vista axis in the Amazon region of Brazil: (i) EBAM Quarry: quartz monzonites from the Água Branca suite, partially potassified, (ii) Granada Mining Quarry: basalts from the Apoteri formation, and (iii) Samauma Quarry: riolites from the Iricoumé Group. Samplings were carried out followed by chemical analyses for determining macro and micronutrients, in addition to potentially toxic elements; petrographic analyses were performed for mineralogical characterization as well as granulometric analyses of the powders collected in the quarries. The results showed that the EBAM quarry rock powder meets the standards established by Brazilian legislation. It also has low levels of potentially toxic elements and only 15% quartz, indicating good safety in the use of this SRP, in addition to the large supply of the material already crushed, for which there is still no market. At the Granada Mineração quarry, SRP also has the necessary characteristics to classify as a soil remineralizer, including K2O content above 1%. At Pedreira Samauma, although SRP does not qualify as an agromineral, it has more than 5% K2O and 77% aphanitic matrix, which could result in a more accessible release of abundant K and Si to the soil–plant system. Using laser granulometry analysis, it was possible to make some considerations about the effects of the crushing process in such different lithotypes and, finally, to characterize and classify the prospects of greatest interest for “rochagem” in the Amazon