Relação Custo Benefício na Produção de Silagem com Milho Bt

Eficiência e escala de produção são imprescindíveis para obtenção de retornos financeiros compensatórios na atividade pecuária. O aumento da produtividade demanda maior produção de energia digestível por área, a fim de suprir plenamente as exigências nutricionais dos animais ao longo do ano de forma menos dispendiosa. O custo com alimentação dos animais se eleva no período seco do ano devido à redução no crescimento das plantas forrageiras. Segundo Magalhães et al. (2004) as despesas com alimentação atingem 64,9% da receita obtida com a venda do leite e no período seco a silagem e os grãos de milho (Zea mays), compõem a maior parte da ração animal. O milho representa a principal cultura armazenada em forma de silagem para utilização ao longo do período de estiagem, devido à possibilidade de boas produções com alto valor nutritivo. O armazenamento de forragem na forma de silagem para alimentação dos animais no período da seca é um processo de custo elevado, cujo benefício relaciona-se diretamente com o volume e qualidade da massa produzida. As silagens de milho no Brasil possuem média qualidade e rendimento abaixo do potencial da planta no que diz respeito à produção de energia digestível por área. O alto custo da produção de silagem, muitas vezes decorre da baixa produtividade das culturas. Fatores como adubação e correção da acidez do solo, controle de invasoras e pragas, escolha da época certa para o corte, tamanho adequado de partículas, tempo de fechamento do silo, densidade alcançada com a compactação e vedação, tipo de silo e lona utilizada na vedação, controle de contaminação e manejo após abertura quando não executados corretamente, podem acarretar sérias perdas econômicas na produção de bovinos. A utilização de cultivares modernos, mais produtivos, adaptados às condições locais e resistentes a pragas pode representar ganhos efetivos em produtividade desde que não ocorram fatores limitantes a manifestação do potencial produtivo dessas culturas. A lagarta-do-cartucho, uma das principais pragas do milho no Brasil, distribui-se em todas as regiões de cultivo e pode reduzir a produção em até 38,7% (Williams & Davis 1990). O controle é convencionalmente realizado por produtos químicos e biológicos e sua necessidade condiciona-se ao nível de infestação. No ano de 2007 a Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança liberou a comercialização de híbridos geneticamente modificados resistentes a pragas. A tecnologia desenvolvida em híbridos de milho contendo o gene da bactéria Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), que expressa a proteína Cry1Ab, tornou os híbridos resistentes ao ataque da lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda), lagarta-da-espiga (Helicoverpa zea) e broca do colmo (Diatraea saccharalis) (Avisar et al., 2009), reduzindo o controle químico e os custos com a aplicação de defensivos. Vários trabalhos comparando híbridos de milho transgênicos com suas contrapartes convencionais, demonstraram equivalência da composição química da silagem e produção e composição do leite (Faust & Miller, 1997; Folmer et al., 2002; Donkin et al., 2003; Calsamiglia et al., 2007; Faust et al., 2007). De acordo com Wiedemann et al. (2006) é improvável que uma proteína Cry1Ab inteira e funcional seja encontrada no rúmen após 8 horas de incubação. Segundo Singhal et al. (2006) não foi possível detectar a proteína codificada pelos genes cry1Ac e cry2Ab no sangue ou no leite dos animais alimentados. Dessa forma, os alimentos derivados de animais recebendo forrageiras modificadas geneticamente são considerados tão seguros quanto àqueles derivados de animais alimentados com forragem convencional, (Flachowsky et al., 2005; Phipps et al., 2006). O foco deste trabalho foi avaliar os benefícios econômicos do cultivo de híbridos de milho transgênicos destinados à confecção de silagem para alimentação animal utilizando como parâmetros a produção e qualidade da forragem. Para tanto foram observadas a produção agronômica, características morfológicas, perdas fermentativas, perdas aeróbias, composição química, digestibilidade in vivo, desempenho animal e os custos, das sementes e com aplicação de inseticidas. A decisão de qual hibrido ensilar é de grande importância no planejamento da atividade pecuária bovina e demanda avaliação técnica e econômica. O texto que segue tem como base os resultados de uma série de ensaios comparando a utilização dos híbridos de milho DKB 390 da Dekalb e AG 8088 da Agroceres contendo o gene cry1Ab com suas respectivas contrapartes convencionais sem o gene Bt (isogênicos próximos). As pesquisas foram conduzidas no Pólo Centro Leste da Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios da Secretaria de Agricultura e Abastecimento do Estado de São Paulo - APTA/SAA e tiveram auxílio financeiro da FAPESP e CNPq

Complementary Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Models for the Antitrypanosomal Activity of Sesquiterpene Lactones

Three complementary quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methodologies, namely, regression modeling based on (i) “classical” molecular descriptors, (ii) 3D pharmacophore features, and (iii) 2D molecular holograms (HQSAR) were employed on the antitrypanosomal activity of sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) toward Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr), the causative agent of the East African form of human African trypanosomiasis. In this study, an extension of a previous QSAR study on 69 STLs, models for a much larger and more diverse set of such natural products, now comprising 130 STLs of various structural subclasses, were established. The extended data set comprises a variety of STLs isolated and tested for antitrypanosomal activity within our group and is furthermore enhanced by 12 compounds obtained from literature, which have been tested in the same laboratory under identical conditions. Detailed QSAR analyses yielded models with comparable and good internal and external predictive ability. For a set of compounds as chemically diverse as the one under study, the models exhibited good coefficients of determination (R2) ranging from 0.71 to 0.85, as well as internal (leave-one-out Q2 values ranging from 0.62 to 0.72) and external validation coefficients (P2 values ranging from 0.54 to 0.73). The contributions of the various tested descriptors to the generated models are in good agreement with the results of previous QSAR studies and corroborate the fact that the antitrypanosomal activity of STLs is very much dependent on the presence and relative position of reactive enone groups within the molecular structure but is influenced by their hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties and molecular shape.</p

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research