Reciclaje de residuos orgánicos

10 páginas, 4 tablas y 2 figuras.El presente estudio se centra en las principales estrategias de valorización, tanto agrícola como medioambiental, de los residuos orgánicos. Para ello inicialmente se revisa el estado actual de los sistemas y/o procesos de compostaje y vermicompostaje, procesos ecotecnológicos de bajo coste ampliamente utilizados para la biodegradación y estabilización de los residuos orgánicos. A continuación, se exponen algunos criterios de calidad y la normativa española que debe cumplir los productos finales obtenidos -composts y vermicomposts de residuos orgánicos- antes de su uso agrícola. Posteriormente, se resumen los principales efectos que sobre suelos y plantas ocasiona el uso de estos productos finales como bioenmiendas, abonos y biocorrectores orgánicos en la agricultura tradicional, bajo cubierta y ecológica. La ponencia finaliza con una breve reseña acerca de las posibilidades que presentan los composts y vermicomposts para ser utilizados como fungicidas naturales con capacidad para reducir hongos patógenos de cultivos o bien como biorrecuperadores de suelos contaminados por compuestos orgánicos o metales pesados. Ambas temáticas han sido escasamente estudiadas, lo cual abre un campo científico de indudable interés innovador.El presente estudio ha sido financiado por la CICYT a través del proyecto 1FD97-0795 y AGL2000-1424-CO2-10E. Romero y E. Benítez agradecen al Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología las financiaciones concedidas para la realización del presente estudio.Peer reviewe

Absorption of zinc and lead by Dittrichia viscosa grown in a contaminated soil amended with olive-derived wastes

Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (CICYT)Programa Ramón y CajalPeer Reviewe

Characterization of biomass ashes produced at different temperatures from olive-oil-industry and greenhouse vegetable wastes

Reuse and recycling of biomass ashes as new resources can boost the development of a circular and sustainable economy. This requires knowledge concerning the characteristics and properties of the ash for different applications. In this study, novel biomass ashes from combustion, at different temperatures, of olive-oil wastes and from the gasification of greenhouse vegetables wastes were characterized and compared by ICP-MS, XRF, XRD, FT-IR, and SEM-EDS among other analytical techniques. All ashes were alkaline (pH between 9.9 and 13.3) and had high salinity (42–132 dS m). They had high amounts of Si, Ca, and K; moderate of P, Mg, Al, S, and Cl; and low Na and heavy metals. By comparison, the ash from greenhouse vegetables waste was richer in aluminosilicates and calcite whereas those from olive-oil wastes showed the presence of soluble minerals such as carbonates, sulphates, and chlorides. The high K amounts (23–58 g kg) found in the ashes from olive wastes would enable its reuse as natural K fertilizer or as a raw material in the manufacture of K chemical fertilizers. The ashes resulting from higher temperatures had lower carbon contents, higher amounts of particles <250 µm, smaller surface areas and higher hygroscopicity which would influence the use of these materials as potential catalyst or sorbents. High combustion temperatures favoured the presence of numerous spherical particles of different sizes, associated with the presence of silica, and also particle aggregates coated by laminar microcrystalline particles. The ashes produced at lower temperatures were dominated by plane crystalline particles and other large, long, carbonaceous shapes with reticular structures.This study was financed by the Junta de Andalucía, Spain, through Excellence Project P07-RNM-2746. M. Quirantes thanks the Junta de Andalucía, for their doctoral grants associated to project P07-RNM-2746. We thank the biomass power plants of Gasification Plant of Albaida, Nijar, Almeria; Energy La Loma S.A., Villanueva del Arzobispo, Jaén; Baena Agroenergy S.L., Córdoba; Oleícola El Tejar S.L., Palenciana, Córdoba and the olive-oil extraction plant of Romeroliva, S.L., Deifontes, Granada for providing the ashes from greenhouse vegetable wastes, dry olive cake, wet olive cake mixed with olive leaves or bagasse and olive pits, respectively, used in this study. The authors appreciate the assistance of J. Huertas, G. Delgado and R. Delgado for, respectively, XRD, FRX and SEM-EDS analysis. The authors also thank David Nesbitt for assisting in the translation of the manuscript into English

Pesticide Dissipation and Enzyme Activities in Ungrassed and Grassed Biomixtures, Composed of Winery Wastes, Used in Biobed Bioremediation Systems

The biomixture composition and the presence of a grass layer in a biobed bioremediation system can improve the performance of these systems to minimize pesticide point-source contamination. In this study, a novel biomixture composed with organic wastes from vineyards and wine industries (vermicompost of winery wastes and vine shoots) and top soil (W) was elaborated. The impact of three pesticides, commonly used in vineyards, on its microbial activity and on the development of turfgrass was determined in a short-term experiment. Moreover, the dissipation of the assayed pesticides was evaluated to stablish their distribution patterns between the turfgrass and the biomixture. For comparison, the original biomixture composed with top soil, peat, and straw (P) was also studied. After 15 days of pesticide application, the development of the turfgrass in both biomixtures was similar. However, the oxidoreductases (dehydrogenase and ortho-diphenol oxidase) and the hydrolytic (FDA and β-glucosidase) enzyme activities were greater in W-biomixture than in P-biomixture. The dissipation of metalaxyl and imidacloprid recorded in the W-biomixtures was significantly greater than in the P-biomixtures. The pesticide dissipation in W-biomixtures followed the same order of their octanol water partition coefficients. Except for tebuconazole, the lower biological activity in the P-biomixture would explain the limited pesticide dissipation. In the grassed biomixtures, most (> 83%) of the non-dissipated imidacloprid and tebuconazole remained in the biomixtures, while metalaxyl was rapidly translocated to the aerial part of the turfgrass. Our results show the potential capability of the novel biomixture as an alternative to the original one in a biobed.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness co-funded by European funds through the Project CTM2013-44271-R . Authors thank Celia Cifuentes for their technical assistance.Peer Reviewe

Vermiremediation of Biomixtures from Biobed Systems Contaminated with Pesticides

© 2020 by the authorsBiobeds bioremediation systems are effectively used for minimizing pesticide point-source contamination. For keeping the biobed effectiveness, its biomixture needs to be replaced every so often. The exhausted biomixtures can contain pesticide residues and so they require a special treatment before being discharged into the environment. In this study, we explore the potential of vermiremediation for cleaning up biobed biomixtures contaminated with pesticides. Two biomixtures composed of soil:peat:straw (P) and soil:vermicompost of wet olive cake: olive tree pruning (O), contaminated with high loads of four pesticides, were used. Vermicomposting was carried out by Eisenia fetida earthworms for 12 weeks. Results showed that 50% and 70% of the earthworms colonized the contaminated P and O biomixtures, respectively, but the number of alive earthworms decreased with time just as their weight. The colonization of biomixtures did not significantly affect the dissipation of imidacloprid and tebuconazole, but increased 1.4 fold the dissipation of oxyfluorfen in both biomixtures and that of diuron in biomixture P. Although the presence of high loads of pesticides and the composition of the biomixtures limited the vermiremediation, satisfactory results were obtained for diuron and oxyfluorfen. Complementing vermiremediation with other remediation practices could improve the efficiency of this technologyThis study was supported by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and co-funded by the European FEDER program (project CTM2017-86504-R).Peer reviewe

Biodegradation of high doses of commercial pesticide products in pilot-scale biobeds using olive-oil agroindustry wastes

Biobeds systems containing soil, peat and straw (SPS) are used worldwide to eliminate pesticide point-source contamination, but implantation is difficult when peat and/or straw are not available. Novel biobeds composed of soil, olive pruning and wet olive mill cake (SCPr) or its vermicompost (SVPr) were assayed at pilot scale for its use in olive grove areas. Their removal efficiency for five pesticides applied at high concentration was compared with the biobed with SPS. The effect of a grass layer on the efficiency of these biobeds was also evaluated. Pesticides were retained mainly in the upper layer. In non-planted biobeds with SCPr and SVPr, pesticides dissipation was higher than in SPS, except for diuron. In the biobed with SVPr, with the highest pesticide dissipation capacity, the removed amount of dimethoate, imidacloprid, tebuconazole, diuron and oxyfluorfen was 100, 80, 73, 75 and 50%, respectively. The grass layer enhanced dehydrogenase and diphenol-oxidase activities, modified the pesticides dissipation kinetics and favored the pesticide downward movement. One metabolite of imidacloprid, 3 of oxyfluorfen and 4 of diuron were identified by GC-MS. These novel biobeds represent an alternative to the traditional one and a contribution to promote a circular economy for the olive-oil production.This work was supported by the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry and co-funded by European funds through the projects CTM2010-16807 and CTM2013-44271-R . Authors thank Fernando Calvo Rivas and Rafael Núñez for their technical support

Uso de vermicompost de alperujo para la descontaminación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos

Uso de vermicompost de alperujo para la descontaminación de suelos contaminados con hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos. La presente invención se refiere al uso de vermicompost de alperujo como enmienda orgánica en la biorremediación de suelos contaminados por hidrocarburos policíclicos aromáticos (PAH). El vermicompost induce la expresión de genes implicados en la degradación de naftaleno (naftaleno-dioxigenasa, NDO) de comunidades bacterianas del suelo. En la presente invención, el naftaleno es utilizado como modelo químico para la degradación de PAH.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Universitá degli Studi di Milano-BicoccaB1 Patente sin examen previ

Actividad enzimática del suelo -Deshidrogenasa, β-Glucosidasa, Fosfatasa y Ureasa- bajo diferentes cultivos

The activity of 4 soil enzymes in farms under different agronomic managements and in different soil types was analyzed. The enzymes tested were phosphatase, β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase and urease. Soil samples were taken from the first 20 cm in depth, in order to determine the activity of the 4 enzymes and analyze them chemically. It was found that Dehydrogenase enzyme activity ranged from 0.13 to 4.46 with an average of 1.17 (μg INTF.g - 1 .h -1 ); β-glucosidase enzyme ranged from 31.9 to 208.1 with an average of 108.1 (μg PNP.g -1 .h -1 ). Furthermore, phosphatase had values between 413.4 and 3043.6 with an average of 1521.5 μg PNP.g -1 .h -1 , while Urease ranged from 12.5 to 52.8 with an average of 38.3 μg N-NH4.g -1 .h -1 . Phosphatase correlated with the percentage of organic matter and carbon in the soil (0.75 and 0.76 respectively, p<0.01); an inverse relationship was found between the activity of this enzyme and the content of available P (-0.53r, significant at p<0.10). Urease correlated with phosphatase (r=0.61 p<0.05) and with dehydrogenase (r-0.77 p<0.01). Multivariate cluster analysis based on the enzymatic activity allowed to make similar groups according to the type of crop, which shows the potential of usage that this property has for undertaking more detailed studies. Se analizó la actividad de 4 enzimas del suelo en fincas bajo diferentes manejos agronómicos y en diferentes tipos de suelos. Las enzimas evaluadas fueron la Fosfatasa, β-Glucosidasa, Deshidrogenasa y Ureasa. Se tomaron muestras de suelo de los primeros 20 cm de profundidad con el fin de analizarlas químicamente y determinar la actividad de las 4 enzimas a evaluar. Se encontró que la actividad de la Deshidrogenasa varió de 0,13 a 4,46 con un promedio de 1,17 (μg INTF.g - 1 .h -1 ); la β-Glucosidasa varió de 31,9 a 208,1 con un promedio de 108,1 (μg PNP.g -1 .h -1 ). Por otro lado la Fosfatasa tuvo valores entre 413,4 y 3043,6 con un promedio de 1521,5 μg PNP.g -1 .h -1 , mientras que la Ureasa varió de 12,5 a 52,8 con un promedio de 38,3 μg N-NH4.g -1 .h -1 . La Fos- fatasa correlacionó con el porcentaje de materia orgánica y de carbono en el suelo (0,75 y 0,76 respectivamente, p<0,01); se encontró una rela- ción inversa entre la actividad de esta enzima y el contenido de P disponible (r de -0,53, p<0,10). La Ureasa correlacionó con la Fosfatasa (r de 0,61 p<0,05) y con la Deshidrogenasa (r de -0,77 p<0,01). El análisis multivariado de conglomerados a partir de la actividad enzimática permitió hacer grupos similares según el tipo de cultivo, lo que evidencia el potencial de utilización que tiene esta propiedad para realizar estudios más detallados

Compostaje a escala industrial de lodos de las balsas de almazaras

Gómez Sánchez M. Ángeles; González Hernández Ana Isabel; Morales Corts M. Remedios; Pérez Sánchez Rodrigo (eds.) Compostaje webinars 2020. ISBN: 978-84-09-27257-0El estudio tuvo como objetivo reciclar los lodos sedimentados de las balsas de los efluentes producidos por las almazaras mezclados con hojas de olivo mediante un proceso de compostaje de larga duración y a escala industrial. Para ello, se realizaron dos pilas tronco piramidal (15 m largo x 2,6-1,5 m ancho x 1 m alto), en las que se depositaron dos capas alternas de cada residuo oleícola. Una pila fue regada con agua de pozo y la otra con agua de balsa. Durante los 300 días del proceso de compostaje, se realizaron 48 riegos y 29 volteos. Posteriormente, los composts fueron madurados durante 50 días y tamizados antes de su aplicación agrícola. En el compostaje se alcanzaron temperaturas superiores a 60°C durante más de tres meses, lo cual aseguraría la completa eliminación de microorganismos patógenos presentes en el material inicial. Los composts obtenidos, que tuvieron una composición similar, independientemente del agua de riego aplicada, presentaron pH básico, elevados contenido de materia orgánica (> 500 g kg-1) sustancias húmicas y nutrientes; relaciones C/N (<15) y escaso contenido de polifenoles, sales y sustancias potencialmente fitotóxicas. En base a esas características y a su adecuada estabilidad y madurez, ambos composts cumplen con las especificaciones que indica la legislación española para su comercialización como enmiendas orgánicas en agricultura, o como insumos orgánicos para descontaminar suelos y aguas

Recuperación de balsas de efluentes de almazara mediante la reutilización de sus sedimentos y aguas en procesos de compostaje

El estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar un proceso de compostaje, a escala industrial, utilizando lodos sedimentados de las balsas de los efluentes de las almazaras mezclados con hojas de olivo, que, por una parte, permita obtener un compost maduro y de calidad para su uso agrícola, y por otra limpiar y recuperar esas balsas, para recoger nuevas aguas generadas durante la extracción del aceite de oliva. Para ello, se realizó una pila (2.6 m base mayor, 1 m altura y 15 m longitud), en la que se colocó dos capas alternas de cada residuo oleícola. Durante el proceso de compostaje (296 días), se realizaron 48 riegos con agua de la balsa y 29 volteos. Posteriormente, el material fue madurado durante 50 días y tamizado antes de su uso agrícola. Durante el compostaje se alcanzaron temperaturas > 60°C, lo que asegurara la eliminación de los posibles microorganismos patógenos contenidos los residuos de olivar. El compost presentó pH básico, elevado contenido de materia orgánica, sustancias húmicas y nutrientes, relación C/N (<15) y escaso contenido de sustancias fitotóxicas, por lo cumpliría con la legislación española para su comercialización. Actualmente, la Cooperativa San Isidro S.C.A de Loja realiza el proceso diseñado, vendiendo el compost obtenido a los agricultores de la zona. Ello supone nuevos beneficios económicos para la Cooperativa, en su apuesta innovadora por la implantación de una bioeconomía circular y el desarrollo sostenibleEstudio financiado por la Junta de Andalucía (Fondos FEADER), Grupos Operativos de la Asociación Europea de Innovación (AEI) en materia de productividad y sostenibilidad Agrícolas en el sector del olivar, GOP3I-GR-16-0007