Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Prediction of Partition Coefficients of Organic Compounds in Ionic Liquids Using a Temperature-Dependent Linear Solvation Energy Relationship with Parameters Calculated through a Group Contribution Method

This article discusses the prediction of partition coefficients of organic compounds in ionic liquids

(NH₄)_0.75Fe(H₂O)₂[BP₂O₈]·0.25H₂O, a Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ Mixed Valence Cathode Material for Na Battery Exhibiting a Helical Structure

Borophosphates, previously identified as interesting nonlinear optical, catalysts, molecular sieves, and ion exchange materials have been disregarded so far for their electrochemical properties as electrode materials in Li or Na batteries. We have prepared (NH₄)_0.75Fe­(H₂O)₂[BP₂O₈]·0.25H₂O and NaFe­(H₂O)₂[BP₂O₈]·H₂O via hydrothermal synthesis and determined their exact chemical formulas and crystal structures with magnetic susceptibility, Mössbauer spectroscopy, IR, and XRD probes. Both borophosphates crystallize in a remarkable 6_<i>n</i> screw axis helical structure. They were subsequently further investigated as Na/Na-ion battery cathodes for the first time. (NH₄)_0.75Fe­(H₂O)₂[BP₂O₈]·0.25H₂O revealed interesting electrochemical responses, yielding a second discharge capacity of ∼80 mAh/g within 1.5–4.0 V at C/50 rate, 55 °C, via a solid–solution insertion mechanism as determined by in situ XRD measurements

Improving Energy Efficiency of Process of Direct Adipic Acid Synthesis in Flow Using Pinch Analysis

Together with transport and chemical intensification, process-design intensification is situated under the umbrella of Novel Process Windows and heads for integrated and simplified smart-scaled (micro/meso) flow process design in a holistic picture. As a demonstration example, the direct oxidation of cyclohexene with hydrogen peroxide for adipic acid synthesis is considered. It provides an innovative alternative to the two-step industrial process currently used. It is aimed to design an energy efficient process for this novel route. For systematically and holistically analyzing the process and, in particular, its heat integration, pinch analysis is employed. With the use of the software Aspen Energy Analyzer, the available energy recovery potential is determined, and a heat exchanger network is designed that gives a minimum total annual cost. Compared with the initial heat exchanger network where energy requirements are supplied with utility streams, the improved heat exchanger network designed enables 70% saving in operating cost which enables to pay back the extra capital cost requirement in 8 months. The heat exchanger selection is also a very important design consideration. The utilization of compact heat exchangers (including microchannel-based), which have proven advantages in thermal effectiveness, safety, and reduced size, can enable further benefits in terms of total plant cost and plant complexity. The opportunity to have lower operable temperature approach gives the possibility to lower the utility requirement by 20%. For the case of temperature cross, the additional capital cost requirement can be halved. As a consequence, for operation of flow processes using micro/meso-reactors at large scale, the utility/energy support and heat exchanger selection should be taken into consideration. Such holistic thinking has not been detailed and justified so far for micro- or similar smart-scale flow reactors, to our best knowledge

Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Elucidation of Complex Electrochemical Reactions

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is an emerging nanospectroscopy technique whose implementation in situ/operando, namely, in the liquid phase and under electrochemical polarization (EC-TERS), remains challenging. The investigation of electrochemical processes at the nanoscale, in real time and over wide potential windows can be of particular interest but tedious when using EC-STM-TERS. This approach was successfully applied to the investigation of a well-established but yet complex system (a thiolated nitrobenzene derivative 4-NBM) whose reduction mechanism involves various multistep reaction paths, most likely pH-dependent. In light of the EC-TERS analysis carried out under specific conditions limiting the full (6 e–/6 H+) electrochemical reduction of 4-NBM and its photocoupling, a bimolecular electrochemical reaction path, difficult to evidence from the electrochemical response only, is proposed

Preparation and Characterization of a Stable FeSO₄F‑Based Framework for Alkali Ion Insertion Electrodes

Polyanionic electrode materials offer an attractive combination of safety benefits and tunable redox potentials. Thus far, phosphate-based phases have drawn the most interest with a subsequent surge of activity focused on the newly discovered family of fluorosulfate phases. Here, we report the preparation of a new potassium-based fluorosulfate, KFeSO₄F, which, with removal of K, leads to a new polymorph of FeSO₄F crystallizing in the high-temperature structure of KTiOPO₄. This new phase which contains large, empty channels, is capable of reversibly inserting 0.9 Li⁺ per unit formula and can accommodate a wide variety of alkali ions including Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺. This finding not only expands the rich crystal chemistry of the fluorosulfate family but further suggests that a similar strategy can apply to other K-based polyanionic compounds in view of stabilizing new attractive host structures for insertion reactions

Preparation and Characterization of a Stable FeSO₄F‑Based Framework for Alkali Ion Insertion Electrodes

Polyanionic electrode materials offer an attractive combination of safety benefits and tunable redox potentials. Thus far, phosphate-based phases have drawn the most interest with a subsequent surge of activity focused on the newly discovered family of fluorosulfate phases. Here, we report the preparation of a new potassium-based fluorosulfate, KFeSO₄F, which, with removal of K, leads to a new polymorph of FeSO₄F crystallizing in the high-temperature structure of KTiOPO₄. This new phase which contains large, empty channels, is capable of reversibly inserting 0.9 Li⁺ per unit formula and can accommodate a wide variety of alkali ions including Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺. This finding not only expands the rich crystal chemistry of the fluorosulfate family but further suggests that a similar strategy can apply to other K-based polyanionic compounds in view of stabilizing new attractive host structures for insertion reactions

Preparation and Characterization of a Stable FeSO₄F‑Based Framework for Alkali Ion Insertion Electrodes

Polyanionic electrode materials offer an attractive combination of safety benefits and tunable redox potentials. Thus far, phosphate-based phases have drawn the most interest with a subsequent surge of activity focused on the newly discovered family of fluorosulfate phases. Here, we report the preparation of a new potassium-based fluorosulfate, KFeSO₄F, which, with removal of K, leads to a new polymorph of FeSO₄F crystallizing in the high-temperature structure of KTiOPO₄. This new phase which contains large, empty channels, is capable of reversibly inserting 0.9 Li⁺ per unit formula and can accommodate a wide variety of alkali ions including Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺. This finding not only expands the rich crystal chemistry of the fluorosulfate family but further suggests that a similar strategy can apply to other K-based polyanionic compounds in view of stabilizing new attractive host structures for insertion reactions

Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit, and risk for all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a European diabetic population

We examined the associations of intake of vegetables, legumes and fruit with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a population with prevalent diabetes in Europe. A cohort of 10,449 participants with self-reported diabetes within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study was followed for a mean of 9 y. Intakes of vegetables, legumes, and fruit were assessed at baseline between 1992 and 2000 using validated country-specific questionnaires. A total of 1346 deaths occurred. Multivariate relative risks (RR) for all-cause mortality were estimated in Cox regression models and FIR for cause-specific mortality were derived in a competing risk model. An increment in intake of total vegetables, legumes, and fruit of 80 g/d was associated with a RR of death from all causes of 0.94 [95% CI 0.90-0.98]. Analyzed separately, vegetables and legumes were associated with a significantly reduced risk, whereas nonsignificant inverse associations for fruit intake were observed. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and mortality due to non-CVD/non-cancer causes were significantly inversely associated with intake of total vegetables, legumes, and fruit (RR 0.88 [95% CI 0.81-0.95] and 0.90 [0.82-0.99], respectively) but not cancer mortality 0.08 [0.99-1.17]). Intake of vegetables, legumes, and fruit was associated with reduced risks of all-cause and CVD mortality in a diabetic population. The findings support the current state of evidence from general population studies that the protective potential of vegetable and fruit intake is larger for CVD than for cancer and suggest that diabetes patients may benefit from a diet high in vegetables and fruits