Synthesis of 1,3-Substituted 4-(2-Furyl)-2-azetidinones

The reaction of azidoketene (1) and haloketenes (2-4) with Schiff bases such as N-furfurylideneamines (5-9) gave the [2 + 2] cycloadducts, 1,3-substituted 4-(2-furyl)-2-azetidinones (10-18)

Synthesis of 1,3-Substituted 4-(2-Furyl)-2-azetidinones

The reaction of azidoketene (1) and haloketenes (2-4) with Schiff bases such as N-furfurylideneamines (5-9) gave the [2 + 2] cycloadducts, 1,3-substituted 4-(2-furyl)-2-azetidinones (10-18)

Long-term safety and efficacy of alogliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, in patients with type 2 diabetes : a 3-year prospective, controlled, observational study (J-BRAND Registry)

Abstract Introduction Given an increasing use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the real-world setting, we conducted a prospective observational study (Japan-based Clinical Research Network for Diabetes Registry: J-BRAND Registry) to elucidate the safety and efficacy profile of long-term usage of alogliptin. Research design and methods We registered 5969 patients from April 2012 through September 2014, who started receiving alogliptin (group A) or other classes of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs; group B), and were followed for 3 years at 239 sites nationwide. Safety was the primary outcome. Symptomatic hypoglycemia, pancreatitis, skin disorders of non-extrinsic origin, severe infections, and cancer were collected as major adverse events (AEs). Efficacy assessment was the secondary outcome and included changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and urinary albumin. Results Of the registered, 5150 (group A: 3395 and group B: 1755) and 5096 (3358 and 1738) were included for safety and efficacy analysis, respectively. Group A patients mostly (>90%) continued to use alogliptin. In group B, biguanides were the primary agents, while DPP-4 inhibitors were added in up to ~36% of patients. The overall incidence of AEs was similar between the two groups (42.7% vs 42.2%). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the incidence of cancer was significantly higher in group A than in group B (7.4% vs 4.8%, p=0.040), while no significant incidence difference was observed in the individual cancer. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the imbalanced patient distribution (more elderly patients in group A than in group B), but not alogliptin usage per se, contributed to cancer development. The incidence of other major AE categories was with no between-group difference. Between-group difference was not detected, either, in the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications. HbA1c and fasting glucose decreased significantly at the 0.5-year visit and nearly plateaued thereafter in both groups. Conclusions Alogliptin as a representative of DPP-4 inhibitors was safe and durably efficacious when used alone or with other OHAs for patients with type 2 diabetes in the real world setting

一般小中学生における食行動異常の実態とメンタルヘルスおよび社会的不適応との関連

金沢大学人間社会研究域人間科学系一般小中学生における食行動異常の実態について, 性別・学年による差異, 併存症状としてのメンタルヘルス指標との関連, リスク要因としての社会的不適応との関連という3つの観点から検討した。一般小中学生を対象に質問紙調査を実施し, 4,952名（男子2,511名, 女子2,441名）から有効回答を得た。独自に作成した小中学生用食行動異常尺度について確認的因子分析を行った結果, “やせ願望・体型不満”と“過食”の2因子構造が支持されるとともに, 性別, 学年段階, 体型による因子構造の不変性が確認された。“やせ願望・体型不満”は, 全体に女子が男子より高い得点を示したが, 特に中2, 中3で女子の得点が顕著に高くなっていた。“過食”では顕著な男女差や学年差が見られなかったが, 女子では, 学年とともにやや得点の上昇が見られた。メンタルヘルスとの関連では, “やせ願望・体型不満”が抑うつと比較的強い相関を示したのに対し, “過食”は攻撃性と比較的強い相関を示した。社会的不適応との関連では, “学業”, “家族関係”に加え, 男子では“友人関係”, 女子では“教師関係”が食行動異常と有意な関連を示した。The present study surveyed the current status of abnormal eating behavior among elementary and junior high school students, using a self-report questionnaire designed by the authors. Valid responses were obtained from 4,952 students (2,511 boys and 2,441 girls) who were in elementary school grades 4 through 6, and in all 3 years of junior high school. Confirmatory factor analysis of the questionnaire data supported a two-factor structure: “drive for thinness” and “bulimia”, and measurement invariance across gender, grade, and body mass index (BMI). The scores on drive for thinness were higher for the girls than for the boys, especially in grades 8 and 9. Although the score distribution for bulimia was similar across gender and grade, the girls’ scores increased slightly with grade. Drive for thinness was more strongly correlated with depression than with aggression, whereas bulimia was more strongly correlated with aggression. Both factors were correlated with academic performance problems and family relationships in both the boys and the girls, specifically with the boys’ peer problems and the girls’ student-teacher relationship problems