MA

thesisThis thesis examines the Narcissus theme and narcissism in the literature of the nineteenth century, focusing on the theme as it is reflected in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and Nietzsche's Zur Genealogie der Moral, especially the dramatic shift in perspective towards narcissism reflected in these two works. Historical and cultural changes over the course of the nineteenth century that may have led to this reversal are discussed, and it is suggested that the earlier negative view of narcissism is bound with a theological concept of the "self" that is no longer compatible with the understanding of humanity's radically animal nature. A positive view of narcissism in Nietzsche's writing may reflect a vacuum in the traditional understanding of the "self" that demands "self-creation." Narcissistic expression may also represent a liberation from the superstitious awe surrounding the former, more theological concept of the "self" and from the moral constraints of the theology from which this derived. Analysis of the Narcissus theme, beginning with Ovid's version of the tale in the Metamorphoses then moving into the nineteenth-century works, reveals common strands in all the depictions of narcissism discussed. The analysis concludes that while Nietzsche assumes a positive stance towards a narcissistic pose, the self-idealization reflected in his work is as illusory as the negatively reflected narcissism of the earlier versions, and that below the surface of Nietzsche's jubilant tone the philosophical voice of his work seems as haunted by the idealized self-image he has created as the hero of Shelley's novel

PhD

thesisThe experiments described in this investigation were conducted to determine the extent of variation in the yield of alkaloids that may be obtained from Veratrum callfornicum plants if they were harvested from different sites on different occasions. In particular, the study was conducted to determine the extent of variation that may be encountered in the alkaloidal yields if the plants were harvested from sites located at different altitudinal levels. Also, a study was made of the environment at the sites in which the plants grew to determine what factors may have been responsible for the variations. (A) The Analysis of Veratrum Callfornicum: The alkaloidal content of the plants was determined by means of a gravimetric analysis of a chloroform extract of the dry, powdered plant material. The results show that the alkaloidal yields extracted from plants harvested during alternate summers (1961 and 1963) did not vary significantly. Similarly, there was no significant variation in the alkaloidal yields obtained from plants harvested from within a given site (Intrasite). However, in certain cases the alkaloidal yields were significantly different. The alkaloidal yields extracted from plants exhibiting bud formation (from the Lower Site, 1961) were significantly larger than the yields obtained from the plants harvested at other times during the growing season. Also, the alkaloidal yields extracted from the rhizomes of plants (from the Lower Site, 19&3) were significantly larger than the yields obtained from the roots. (B) The Relation of the Environment to the Total Alkaloid Content of Teratrum Californlcum: The environment at the sites was studied. A survey of the slopes at the sites was conducted. Also, a mechanical analysis of the composition, a potentiometrie analysis of the pH, a spectrophotometrie measurement of the nitrate-nitrogen content, and a gravimetric measurement of the moisture content of the soils at the sites were made. In addition, the rainfall was collected and measured, and the temperature at the sites was recorded. The data show that the only significant variations occurred with respect to the pH of the soils, the moisture content of the soils, the amount of rainfall, and the temperature at the sites. A higher pH was measured at the Upper Site, but a higher soil moisture level was measured at the Lower Site, during 1963. The quantity of rainfall that occurred at the sites, during the years, and during the weekly periods varied significantly. The greatest quantity of rainfall occurred in 1961 and at the Upper Site. In addition, the average weekly mean and minimum temperatures were significantly different with the lower temperatures recorded at the Upper Site. However, the number of hours and/or days with temperatures below 40 degrees Fahrenheit did not vary significantly, (C) pie Relation of Altitude to the Total Alkaloid Content of Yeratrum Californicum Plants that had been harvested from sites located at two altitudinal levels (78OO feet and 9^00 feet above sea level) were analyzed. The data obtained show that the alkaloidal yields were significantly different and the larger yields were obtained from plants that grew at the Upper Site irrespective of the year in which the plants were harvested (1961 and 19&3) To determine the effect of the environment at the sites on the growth of this plant, their heights were measured. The plants at the Upper Site attained a greater height than did those at the Lower Site. By relating the data obtained from the analysis of the Veratrum californicum plants to the results of the environmental studies, the higher alkaloidal content and greater growth occurred in those plants that grew at the Upper Site associated with a higher soil pH, lower soil moisture content, greater rainfall, and lower average weekly mean and minimum temperatures

Forests, health and inequalities in Scotland: a longitudinal approach

Increasing international evidence shows that forests may enhance mental and physical health by providing opportunities for relaxation, physical activity, social interaction and through reducing air pollution. Studies also suggest that forests may have a role in reducing socioeconomic health inequalities by weakening the links between poverty, deprivation and poor health. Knowledge surrounding the relationship between forests, health and inequalities is limited as no national studies have been carried out, and findings to date are based on cross-sectional data. This thesis addresses these research gaps by examining associations between forests, health and inequalities for the whole of Scotland over a 20-year period. Firstly, changes in the socio-spatial distribution of forests in Scotland between 1991, 2001 and 2011 were assessed. Following this, relationships between different long-term patterns of individuals’ forest access and subsequent health outcomes were examined. The influence of cumulative forest access throughout life and levels of forest access at particular life stages on later mental health were also studied. Lastly, investigations into whether changes in forest access were associated with changes in general health were carried out. In order to understand whether forests might reduce socioeconomic health inequalities, each of the empirical analyses considered differences between sociodemographic groups. Measures of forest access in 1991, 2001 and 2011 were created in ArcGIS for all postcodes in Scotland and linked to a sample of individuals in the Scottish Longitudinal Study (SLS). The SLS contains linked census records collected in 1991, 2001 and 2011 for approximately 274,000 people (5.3% of the population). The study sample included those who had: complete data; were present in all three censuses; were aged 18+ in 1991; and lived in private residences on the Scottish mainland (n=97,658). Administrative health records from 2011 to 2016, including the prescribing of antidepressants and hospital admission data were linked to the sample members. A synthetic estimation of forest use based on SLS members’ characteristics and forest user information in the Scottish People and Nature Survey (SPANS) was also used to examine whether visiting forests explained the associations between forests and general health. Statistical techniques included Latent Class Growth Modelling (LCGM), hybrid effects models and tests for mediation. Over the study period, geographical access to forests improved throughout Scotland. However, there was evidence that individuals with low socioeconomic status in 1991 were more likely to have worse long-term patterns of forest access than those with higher socioeconomic status. There was evidence that these worse trajectories of forest access had implications for later health; individuals with better forest access trajectories had reduced risk of having worse health at the end of the study period. Women with a greater accumulation of forest access were less likely to attend a mental health outpatient clinic or be prescribed antidepressants during 2011-2016. For men and those without qualifications who had improved forest access between time points, the risk of having a long-term illness reduced, compared to those whose forest access did not change. Findings also suggested that better forest access across the life course and at particular stages in adulthood may be linked to reduced inequalities in mental health between men and women and between those with higher and lower socioeconomic status. Forest use partially explained the association between forest access and general health but there was also evidence of a direct effect of forest access on mental health. The key contribution of this thesis was the linkage of spatial environmental data to census and administrative health records for individuals and the application of a longitudinal approach. The thesis also contributes to the international literature by providing new insights into the causal mechanisms though which forests may influence health across the life course and how these may vary between social groups. The research has provided important evidence for policy makers such as Forestry Commission Scotland, about the social value of forestry in Scotland (and potentially elsewhere) and the opportunities that maintaining and enhancing forest access could have for improving population-level mental health and reducing health inequalities. In particular, those designing interventions to encourage forest use among disadvantaged groups should consider how interventions could be targeted at those with low individual-level socioeconomic status as well as deprived areas. Future research should use life course approaches to better specify the ways in which forests may support health for those with specific mental illnesses, and where possible consider the effect of forest access in childhood as well as adulthood on later life health outcomes

Excretion of 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid in man and the rat

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32299/1/0000366.pd

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Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Two cases of changes in amino acid transport activity with tissue development

During the first day of extrauterine life the liver of the guinea-pig greatly intensifies the extent of the steady-state concentration of two amino acids, one normal and one non-metabolizable. Another change with tissue development is in the reverse direction, namely the loss of two or more uphill transport systems by the rabbit reticulocyte on its maturation. The nature of the association between changes in the character and intensity of protein synthesis and in amino acid transport activity, as illustrated by these two cases, is discussed.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32069/1/0000113.pd

Perceptions of climate change in herbalism and harvesting

This study looked at the impacts of climate change on medicinal plants, and how these impacts are viewed and understood in the herbalism community. Two literature reviews were conducted, to look at each of these two ideas: the first was a review of peer-reviewed literature describing research on climate change and medicinal plants, to understand anticipated effects of climate change on plants. The second was a review of grey literature, such as social media and blogs, to understand how herbalists perceived the impact of climate change on medicinal plants and herbs. Across these resources, I conducted a thematic analysis and identified five themes related to the connection between herbalism and climate change. These themes were 1) an overall discussion on the direct impacts of climate change, 2) the effects of temperature changes on medicinal plants, 3) how the chemical content of herbs is changing, 4) herbalists’ solutions to climate change-induced issues, and 5) how herbalists are educating themselves on climate change. Finally, a survey was developed which could be disseminated to herbalists, to better elucidate their personal thoughts and practices, and how they think about climate change in their practices. Keywords: climate change, herbalism, medicinal plants, literature reviewKeywords: climate change, herbalism, medicinal plants, literature revie