Superconductivity in domains with corners

We study the two-dimensional Ginzburg-Landau functional in a domain with corners for exterior magnetic field strengths near the critical field where the transition from the superconducting to the normal state occurs. We discuss and clarify the definition of this field and obtain a complete asymptotic expansion for it in the large $\kappa$ regime. Furthermore, we discuss nucleation of superconductivity at the boundary

Validation of SCIAMACHY AMC-DOAS water vapour columns

International audienceA first validation of water vapour total column amounts derived from measurements of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) in the visible spectral region has been performed. For this purpose, SCIAMACHY water vapour data have been determined for the year 2003 using an extended version of the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method, called Air Mass Corrected (AMC-DOAS). The SCIAMACHY results are compared with corresponding water vapour measurements by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and with model data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In confirmation of previous results it could be shown that SCIAMACHY derived water vapour columns are typically slightly lower than both SSM/I and ECMWF data, especially over ocean areas. However, these deviations are much smaller than the observed scatter of the data which is caused by the different temporal and spatial sampling and resolution of the data sets. For example, the overall difference with ECMWF data is only -0.05 g/cm2 whereas the typical scatter is in the order of 0.5 g/cm2. Both values show almost no variation over the year. In addition, first monthly means of SCIAMACHY water vapour data have been computed. The quality of these monthly means is currently limited by the availability of calibrated SCIAMACHY spectra. Nevertheless, first comparisons with ECMWF data show that SCIAMACHY (and similar instruments) are able to provide a new independent global water vapour data set

High Efficacy of Two Artemisinin-Based Combinations (Artesunate + Amodiaquine and Artemether + Lumefantrine) in Caala, Central Angola.

In April 2004, 137 children 6-59 months of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) malaria (Caala, Central Angola) were randomized to receive either artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) or artesunate + amodiaquine (ASAQ). After 28 days of follow-up, there were 2/61 (3.2%) recurrent parasitemias in the Coartem group and 4/64 (6.2%) in the ASAQ group (P = 0.72), all classified as re-infections after PCR genotyping (cure rate = 100% [95%CI: 94-100] in both groups). Only one patient (ASAQ group) had gametocytes on day 28 versus five (Coartem) and three (ASAQ) at baseline. Compared with baseline, anemia was significantly improved after 28 days of follow-up in both groups (Coartem: from 54.1% to 13.4%; ASAQ: from 53.1% to 15.9%). Our findings are in favor of a high efficacy of both combinations in Caala. Now that Coartem has been chosen as the new first-line anti-malarial, the challenge is to insure that this drug is available and adequately used

Nonlinear model of short-scale electrodynamics in the auroral ionosphere

International audienceThe optical detection of auroral subarcs a few tens of m wide as well as the direct observation of shears several m/s per m over km to sub km scales by rocket instrumentation both indicate that violent and highly localized electrodynamics can occur at times in the auroral ionosphere over scales 100 m or less in width. These observations as well as the detection of unstable ion-acoustic waves observed by incoherent radars along the geomagnetic field lines has motivated us to develop a detailed time-dependent two-dimensional model of short-scale auroral electrodynamics that uses current continuity, Ohm's law, and 8-moment transport equations for the ions and electrons in the presence of large ambient electric fields to describe wide auroral arcs with sharp edges in response to sharp cut-offs in precipitation (even though it may be possible to describe thin arcs and ultra-thin arcs with our model, we have left such a study for future work). We present the essential elements of this new model and illustrate the model's usefulness with a sample run for which the ambient electric field is 100 mV/m away from the arc and for which electron precipitation cuts off over a region 100 m wide. The sample run demonstrates that parallel current densities of the order of several hundred µA m-2 can be triggered in these circumstances, together with shears several m/s per m in magnitude and parallel electric fields of the order of 0.1 mV/m around 130 km altitude. It also illustrates that the local ionospheric properties like densities, temperature and composition can strongly be affected by the violent localized electrodynamics and vice-versa.Key words: Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere, electric fields and currents, ionosphere-magnetosphere interactions)</p

Velocity shear and current driven instability in a collisional F-region

We have studied how the presence of collisions affects the behavior of instabilities triggered by a combination of shears and parallel currents in the ionosphere under a variety of ion to electron temperature ratios. To this goal we have numerically solved a kinetic dispersion relation, using a relaxation model to describe the effects of ion and electron collisions. We have compared our solutions to expressions derived in a fluid limit which applied only to large electron to ion temperature ratios. We have limited our study to threshold conditions for the current density and the shears. We have studied how the threshold varies as a function of the wave-vector angle direction and as a function of frequency. As expected, we have found that for low frequencies and/or elevated ion to electron temperature ratios, the kinetic dispersion relation has to be used to evaluate the threshold conditions. We have also found that ion velocity shears can significantly lower the field-aligned threshold current needed to trigger the instability, especially for wave-vectors close to the perpendicular to the magnetic field. However the current density and shear requirements remain significantly higher than if collisions are neglected. Therefore, for ionospheric F-region applications, the effect of collisions should be included in the calculation of instabilities associated with horizontal shears in the vertical flow. Furthermore, in many situations of interest the kinetic solutions should be used instead of the fluid limit, in spite of the fact that the latter can be shown to produce qualitatively valid solutions

The effects of mesoscale regions of precipitation on the ionospheric dynamics, electrodynamics and electron density in the presence of strong ambient electric fields

We have developed a new high resolution two-dimensional model of the high latitude ionosphere in which nonlinear advection terms are closely coupled with the electrodynamics. The model provides a self-consistent description of the ionospheric feedback on the electrodynamical perturbations produced by auroral arc-related particle precipitation in regions with strong ambient electric fields. We find in particular that a heretofore neglected ion Pedersen advection term can introduce considerable changes in the electron density profile, the current density distribution, the conductivities and the electron temperatures. We find that the convective effects can carry the ionisation more than 150 km outside the precipitation region in a few minutes, with attendant large changes in the current distribution and E-region densities that become enhanced outside the region of particle precipitation. The production of a tongue of ionisation that slowly decays outside the auroral boundaries contrasts with the sharp geometric cut-off and associated stronger current densities found in previous studies

Experience with the LEP vacuum system at energies above 90 GeV and future expectations

The LEP storage ring has been operated at energies above 90 GeV for more than 1000 hours during 1997. Because of the rapid increase with the beam energy of the power radiated as synchrotron light, the vacuum system has been submitted to very stringent conditions as far as power evacuation and photon stimulated gas desorption are concerned. The operational experience acquired under these, up to now unexplored, conditions will be reviewed together with an outline of the limitations which were experienced at these high levels of radiation in the use of the available vacuum instrumentation. Based o n the available data detailed predictions concerning the beam lifetime, gas desorption and beam cleaning of the vacuum system under the impact of photons with a critical energy approaching 1 MeV will be formulated

Heavy fermion superconductivity and magnetic order in non-centrosymmetric CePt3SiCePt_3Si

$\rm CePt_3Si$ is a novel heavy fermion superconductor, crystallising in the $\rm CePt_3B$ structure as a tetragonally distorted low symmetry variant of the $\rm AuCu_3$ structure type. $\rm CePt_3Si$ exhibits antiferromagnetic order at $T_N \approx 2.2$ K and enters into a heavy fermion superconducting state at $T_c \approx 0.75$ K. Large values of $H_{c2}' \approx -8.5$ T/K and $H_{c2}(0) \approx 5$ T refer to heavy quasiparticles forming Cooper pairs. Hitherto, $\rm CePt_3Si$ is the first heavy fermion superconductor without a center of symmetry.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Heterogeneous Bond Percolation on Multitype Networks with an Application to Epidemic Dynamics

Considerable attention has been paid, in recent years, to the use of networks in modeling complex real-world systems. Among the many dynamical processes involving networks, propagation processes -- in which final state can be obtained by studying the underlying network percolation properties -- have raised formidable interest. In this paper, we present a bond percolation model of multitype networks with an arbitrary joint degree distribution that allows heterogeneity in the edge occupation probability. As previously demonstrated, the multitype approach allows many non-trivial mixing patterns such as assortativity and clustering between nodes. We derive a number of useful statistical properties of multitype networks as well as a general phase transition criterion. We also demonstrate that a number of previous models based on probability generating functions are special cases of the proposed formalism. We further show that the multitype approach, by naturally allowing heterogeneity in the bond occupation probability, overcomes some of the correlation issues encountered by previous models. We illustrate this point in the context of contact network epidemiology.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figures. Minor modifications were made in figures 3, 4 and 5 and in the text. Explanations and references were adde