Marketing of Agricultural Crops in Rural Indian Economy: A Case Study

The marketing of agricultural crops plays an important role not only in stimulating production and consumption, but also in accelerating the pace of economic development. It is not only an economic link between the producers and consumers; it maintains a balance between demand and supply. Study examined the transaction of agricultural crops through rural markets and the price structure of different crops in rural markets of Ambedkarnagar District. It also highlighted the composition and structure of sellers and traders engaged in the marketing process. Local rural markets are the best option for the marginal and small farmers to dispose off their perishable surplus to get quick returns. Due to the lack of good infrastructural facilities in the study area, most of the farmers prefer local rural markets instead of going to the specialised markets or near-by town area. The variation in the transaction of agricultural produce is mainly due to a number of factors like higher market demand, accessibility, nature of produce, transportation facility, market-size, fair price, and so on. The average price of individual crop also varies from market to market due to the various socio-spatial factors. Keywords: Marketing, Agricultural crops, Rural economy, Rural market

Livestock Trade in Rural Markets of Aligarh District

Livestock husbandry, a form of agriculture, is considered as a secondary source of income and provides good opportunity for employment and income generation. Livestock trade and their marketing is very old traditional activity in India. It is practiced in various forms. Researchers attempted to find out the marketing behavior of livestock particularly the spatial behavior of livestock marketing and livestock transactions through various marketing agencies in study area Aligarh. The transaction of livestock varies according to their purpose i.e. whether it is meat animal or milk animal. The share of meat animals is highest due to the existence of three slaughter houses as also the facilities of transport and export. The more local consumption of meat is another determinant of higher transaction of livestock. The milch animals follow the numbers of meat animals. The transaction of livestock in villages is reverse. Most of the transaction is for the purpose of milk rather than meat. Among them the highest share is again of buffalo. Key Words: Livestock, Transaction, Buffalo, Marketing agencie

Swift Search An open-source search engine

Businesses nowadays collect a huge amount of information. To search classified data in an efficient and streamlined manner, every organization will require a Search Engine that can be integrated into their websites and search through their data. To increase the productivity of searching the content with a modern, flexible site search experience, we are proposing a Search Engine that can help the organization to search efficiently. In this paper, we propose Swift Search which is an open-source search engine, with no additional cost involved. The search time is tested on an open-source tool called Meilisearch, which gives a promising level of performance

A clinical study of deviated nasal septum with special reference to conventional and endoscopic septoplasty

Background: Deviated nasal septum is a very common condition. It causes nasal obstruction, epistaxis, sinusitis, headache and obstructive sleep apnea. Septoplasty is one of the most common procedures performed for correction of deviated nasal septum. The aim of our study was to determine the incidence of DNS with respect to age, sex, type of septal deviation and presenting complaints and compare if endoscopic septoplasty is better than conventional septoplasty.Methods: The present study was conducted among 115 cases of DNS for a period of one year. While detailed clinical study was done in 115 cases, surgery was performed in 60 cases. They were divided into group A and group B with 30 cases in each group. Conventional septoplasty was performed in group A while endoscopic septoplasty in group B.Results: The male to female ratio was found to be 2.19:1. Majority (37.18%) patients were of age group 11-20 years with deviation to the left (54.78%). Nasal obstruction (58.26%) was the commonest presenting complaint. Postoperatively, a significant relief of symptoms were observed in endoscopic septoplasty in terms of nasal obstruction (93.33%) and hyposmia (87.5%). Post-operative complications were higher in conventional septoplasty with significant rate of residual deviation.Conclusions: Our study showed that functional outcome was better and post-operative complications were less in endoscopic septoplasty. Endoscopic septoplasty provides better illumination which helps to identify septal deviation accurately while reducing the postoperative complications due to limited dissection and lesser trauma to septal cartilage.

Marketing and Progress of Dairy Development in Uttar Pradesh: A Comparative Study of Two Regions

Marketing refers the process of creating demand, value addition, transportation and distribution for performing the function of place, time and form utility of any product on the space. The improvement in dairy product market through an efficient marketing chains  with  refrigerated transport and storage  as well as with expansion in number and size and scale of economy created a revolution in dairy sector  in the country and in the state of Uttar Pradesh .AMUL, PARAG, MOTHER  DAIRY , NANDINI  from cooperative sector  and several private companies played significant role  in marketing and processing of dairy products but still their  shares do not exceed one third of  marketed surplus  of raw milk and milk products. Unorganised sector showed domination due to small size of marketable, perishability of products, need for cash payment and tendency of dairy farmers for selling adulterated milk .Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer and largest markets for dairy products in response to increasing urbanization, enhancing disposable income, domination of vegetarian food choices and increasing awareness for nutrition rich food for good health. Regional variation in milk production, processing and marketing infrastructure development is common.  The comparison of two districts from developed and non-developed areas are testimonial to such inter district / regional imbalance in dairy development despite continuous effort of both central and state government since independence.      Dairy farm production systems are treasure of tremendous opportunities for farmers and area development. Development of fodder production farms, outlet establishment for supply of concentrates, production and supply of feed grains, new development of credit and insurance institutes and investment in local dairy processing industries are some valuable opportunities in dairy farm production .The plan of doubling farmer’s income and strengthen the level of economic self-reliance in rural area could be achieved successfully. Keywords: Dairy, Cold Chain, Milk Processing, marketing DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-22-08 Publication date: November 30th 202

An Outlook of Educational Attainment and Literacy in Rural India: A Case Study

In rural India, the socio-economic conditions have largely constrained the process of education and the social inequalities of caste, class and gender have been identified as the major causes of educational deprivation among children in India. A large proportion of children from the economically poor and socially disadvantaged groups, especially girls, are either denied access or are failing to complete even five years of basic education. The goal of universal and compulsory education remains a challenge to achieve even after six decades of independence. The present paper has tried to highlight the various aspects of education and state of literacy in Ambedkarnagar District in North India. Study also examined the rate of literates and illiterates by population and sex in various Community Development Blocks in general and scheduled castes and scheduled tribes' population in particular. The distribution of villages by literacy rate range as well as according to the distance from the nearest statutory town and availability and non-availability of educational facility has also elaborated. This paper has been presented at the International Conference on Education Awareness for Social Sectors Issues in India, organized by Singhania University, India, in collaboration with Bedfordian Business School, Luton, United Kingdom & Toff Institute of Management and Engineering Studies, India during 24 July, 2011

Assessment of hearing loss in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients undergoing Aminoglycoside treatment

Background: Incomplete treatments and treatment failures has led to Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, which has emerged as a significant problem in treating tuberculosis and thus the second line drugs are used with the concomitant increase in the incidence of adverse effects.Methods: This prospective study was carried out from June 2009 to May 2014 in the department of ENT in collaboration with TB & Chest at Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre. Out of 104, only 84 patients were included in our study. Patients were divided into three groups: group I (n=27) patients using Amikacin, group II (n=40) patients using kanamycin and group III (n=17) patients using streptomycin. Baseline pre-treatment pure tone audiometry was performed on all the patients and repeated every three months until completion of therapy.Results: Patients included were 15 to 55 years age with higher number of males (65%, n=55) than females (35%, n =29). Only 22.7% (n=19) of patients were found to be suffered from Hearing Loss. At the end of the study (at 12 month), Overall incidence of HFL was 58.0% (n=11) while incidence of Dead ear was 31.5% (n=6) and LFL was 10.5% (n=2). Amikacin was found to be more Ototoxic than Kanamycin and streptomycin.Conclusion: Aminoglycosides in MDR-TB patients may cause irreversible hearing loss involving higher frequencies and can become a hearing handicap as speech frequencies are too implied in more or less of the patients, thus underlining the need for regular audiologic evaluation in patients of MDR-TB during the treatment.

Synthesis of 5-aryl-2-[spiro-(1,3-dithiolane)-2,4'-(3'-chloro-2'-azetidinon)-1'-yl]-1,3,4-oxa (thia)-diazoles and 5-aryl-2-[spiro-(1,3-dithiolane)-2,2'-(4'- thiazolidinon )-3'-yl]-1,3,4-oxa(thia)diazoles as antimicrobial agents

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A prospective study on prevalence of adverse drug reactions due to antibiotics usage in otolaryngology department of a tertiary care hospital in North India

Background: Polypharmacy, advancing age and longer duration of hospital stay are the factors responsible for adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study has attempted to analyze the pattern of antimicrobial prescription in OPD & IPD of the Otolaryngology department and to detect, document, assess and report the suspected ADRs due to antibiotic use and preparation of guidelines to minimize the incidence of ADRs.Methods: A prospective study conducted at the TMMC&RC on patients aged >40 years, who visited the Otolaryngology department over a period of 5 months. Suspected ADRs were assessed for causality and severity using Naranjo’s probability scale and modified Hartwig’s criteria, respectively. Results: Out of 1200, 925 prescriptions were analyzed. Most patients were from 41-60 age (59.45%) followed by 61-80 age (37.29%) and least from >80 yr (3.24%). But the incidence of ADRs were found to be higher in patients of >80 yr age group n=8 (26.66%). The most commonly prescribed antibacterials were β-Lactams (64.61%). Out of 925 prescriptions studied, only 94 were found to have 154 ADRs. The most commonly identified ADRs were Gastrointestinal 47.40%, followed by Neurotoxicity 24.67%, cutaneous reactions 20.12%, Hepatic 4.54% and Kidney 3.24%. 74.67% of the ADRs were probable and 20.77% were possible type and only 4.54% were definite. 74.67% ADRs were found to be type A, and 25.32% type B.Conclusions: Our study showed that prevalence of ADRs was highest in elder age group and diarrhea was the most common ADR found. Therefore elderly patients should be given special attention when prescribing medications to avoid clinically significant harmful consequences. Minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use by even a small percentage could significantly reduce the immediate and direct risks of drug-related adverse events in individual patients