Comparison of two methods of protein quality evaluation in rice, rye and barley as food protein sources in human nutrition

Different foods differ in their protein quality, which is characterized by the content and digestibility of individual amino acids. The Food and Agriculture Organisation has recommended replacing the method for protein quality evaluation of foods called protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) with the new method - digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS), in which the values of ileal amino acid digestibility obtained in pigs are used. However, the information about DIAAS values of foods are limited. Therefore, the study on growing pigs was conducted to determine true fecal protein digestibility and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of rice, rye and barley. Using these values, the PDCAAS and DIAAS were calculated and compared. A total of 18 gilts with a T-cannula inserted in the terminal ileum were allotted to 3 diets with six replicate pigs per diet. Three semi-purified diets were formulated to contain the tested cereal grains (rice, rye, barley) as the sole nitrogen source. Chromic oxide was used as indigestible marker. Each experimental period comprised of a 7-d adaptation period followed by 24 h collection of feces and ileal digesta. The content of nitrogen, dry matter and chromic oxide was analyzed in samples of diets, feces and ileal digesta. Moreover, in the samples of diets and ileal digesta the content of amino acids was determined. Calculated ratio of crude protein to lysine was greatest in rice (4.50) followed by rye (3.65) and the lowest one in barley (3.35). True fecal protein digestibility was greater when compared with ileal amino acid digestibility for all tested samples, thus suggesting an overestimation of protein quality determined by PDCAAS. Calculated PDCAAS values for rice, rye and barley (81, 65 and 61%) were generally greater than the DIAAS values (79, 56 and 55%), especially for the poorer quality protein sources such as rye and barley in comparison with rice. The lysine was the first limiting amino acid in all tested cereal grains. Based on the DIAAS evaluation, rice is better protein source in human nutrition in comparison with rye or barley

DETERMINATION OF URINE PH AND AMMONIA EMISSION AFTER ADDITION OF BENZOIC ACID AND DRIED BEET PULP IN GROWING PIGS

ABSTRACT Twelve crossbred gilts (initial BW 29.9 ± 1.7 kg) were used for evalution of the effect of benzoic acid and the fiber in diets on the urinary pH, ammonia of the slurry and redistribution of nitrogen between faeces and urinary. For the pigs there were randomly allotted three dietary treatments according to a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design. The dietary treatments included: Diet control (C) was supplemented with isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine to fulfill the requirements of ideal amino acid profile; diet (BA) was similar to diet (C) with 10g.kg -1 benzoic acid; diet (BABP) was similar to diet (C) with 10g.kg -1 benzoic acid and 150 g.kg -1 dried beet pulp, all of them with equal ME content (13.3 MJ/kg) and supplemented with rapeseed oil. The pigs were housed in metabolic cages and fed with two equal doses at 7 a.m. and 5 p.m. at a daily rate of 90 g. kg 0.75 . Water was offered ad libitum. Each experimental period consisted of a 6-d adaptation phase and was followed by a 4-d collection phase. During collection phase the feces and the urine (using bladder catheters) were collected. The experimental data were subjected to ANOVA and when significant value for treatment effect (P<0.05) was observed, the differences between means were assessed with using Fisher's LSD procedure. Nitrogen and dry matter intake was not significantly affected by any of the feed additives. Nitrogen and dry matter intake was not significantly affected by any of supplemented additives. decrease of urine pH, concretely by three quarters of pH point in the both experimental groups fed with bonzoic acid diets, regardless of the fiber content in the diet. The coefficients of excretion determination between hippuric acid and urine pH were R 2 = 0.298. The same decrease of ammonia nitrogen was observed in both experimental groups, but significant difference (P< 0.03) was only in the group with beet

Serra da Estrela cheeses free amino acids profiles by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS and their application for cheese origin assessment

Serra da Estrela cheese is a high-value Portuguese Protected Designation of Origin cheese, produced with raw ewe milk. Thus, information regarding its composition is of utmost relevance for both consumers and certified producers. In this work, the chromatographic profiles of free amino acids in cheeses (45 days of maturation, 6 producers located in 5 municipalities and produced from November 2017 to March 2018) were established by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS. The proposed method allowed detecting 19 free amino acids and cystine with overall limits of detection and quantification lower than 44 mol/L (1.4 mg/100 g cheese, wet matter) and then 134 mol/L (4.2 mg/100 g cheese, wet matter), respectively. In all cheeses, 17 free amino acids were quantified including 8 essential amino acids (histidine, leucine-isoleucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan and valine) and 9 non-essential amino acids (arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, serine and tyrosine). The amounts of the free amino acids, essential free amino acids, branched chain free amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) plus the free amino acids ratios (mg/g protein) were further used to identify the producer of Serra da Estrela cheeses. Linear discriminant analysis coupled with the simulated annealing variable selection algorithm was used allowing the correct classification of 96% and 90±8% of the samples, for leave-one-out and repeated K-fold cross-validation procedures, respectively. The satisfactory predictive performance pointed out the possibility of using cheeses amino acids profiles as origin biomarkers for authenticity control, warranting the correctness identification of the cheese producer/brand, which is quite relevant for ensuring the consumer confidence and satisfaction when purchasing this high-value dairy food.This work was financially supported by Associate Laboratory LSRELCM – UID/EQU/50020/2019, strategic funding UID/BIO/04469/2019-CEB and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER000004), and strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2014–CIMO funded by – funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC). The authors would also like to acknowledge the funding provided by the approved Project, with reference 02/SAICT/ 2016/23290, entitled Characterization and Valorization of QSE PDO and its ability for health promotion (QCLASSE), financed by FCT. S. I. Falcão thanks National funding by FCT- Foundation for Science and Technology, P.I., through the institutional scientific employment program-contract.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effect of a high ambient temperature on the apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and nitrogen in growing pigs

A total of 7 gilts (initial BW 50.5 ± 1.7 kg) fitted with a simple T-cannula in terminal part of ileum were used for the determination the effect of high ambient temperature on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and nitrogen (N) and on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of N and dry matter (DM). After the 5 d adaptation period two 14 d experimental periods followed. After the 1st 14 d period when the animals were housed at thermo-neutral (TN) temperature (20.6 ± 0.1 ºC), the 2nd 14 d period followed at high temperature (HT) (30.4 ± 0.4 ºC). On d 7 and 14 of each experimental period, two 24 h collections of ileal digesta and 2 collections of faeces were performed. The pigs were fed twice a day in two equal doses at a daily rate of 90 g*kg BW -0.75. The content of AA in samples of diets and ileal digesta was determined by an automatic amino acid analyzer (AAA 400, Ingos, Prague) after previous acid hydrolysis in 6M HCl with the exception of methionine and cysteine which were determined after oxidative hydrolysis. Water was offered ad libitum. The ATTD of N and DM at TN was 84.9 and 85.3%, respectively and the ATTD at HT was 84.7% and 86.5% for N and DM, respectively. Apparent ileal digestibility of AA and N were similar at both TN and HT ambient conditions. High ambient temperature had no adverse effect on ATTD of N and DM nor on the AID of N and AA in pigs

Effect of the supplementation linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut into a high fat diet on the fatty acid profile of pigs

ABSTRACT: In the present study it was evaluated the effect of the addition of linseed oil, inulin and horse chestnut added to a high fat (HF) diet on the content of fatty acids (FAs) in musculuss longissimus dorsi (MLD) of pigs. A 5d with adaptation period was followed by a 70 d experimental period, during which the pigs were fed with a HF basal diet. The HF basal diet which served as a control (group CG) was supplemented either with linseed oil (group LG) or with inulin and horse chestnut (group IG). All of the pigs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and samples of MLD were taken for FA analysis. The concentration of α-linolenic acid in MLD of the LG group was 58 % and 61 % higher (P˂0.05) compared to CG and IG groups, respectively. The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was 0.03 and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 0.07 in LG treatment. These FAs were not detected in CG and IG. The ratio of MUFA and PUFA n-6/n-3 in the MLD was the lowest (P˂0.05) in the LG (8.84) compared to CG (14.07) or IG (14.74) groups, representing a difference of 31.2%. The n-3/saturated FA ratio was highest (P˂0.05) in LG group (0.04) when compared to CG and IG groups (0.02). The supplementation of linseed oil, into the HF diet resulted in a higher concentration of α-linolenic acid, EPA, DHA and lower ratio of n-6/n-3 FA in MLD. Inulin and horse chestnut had no effect on FA profile of MLD

Amino acids and fatty acids profile of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed

The seeds of most plants are rich in various nutrients and can provide a lot of useful health benefits. The objective of this study was to determine and compare differences in fat, fatty acids, crude protein and amino acids concentrations for chia and flax seeds. Study was carried out using brown and gold seeds of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The mean protein content in tested seeds ranged from 211.8 to 252.5 g/kg dry matter and in chia seed was about 13.10% higher than the average value of crude protein content in brown and gold flax seed (223.25 g/kg dry matter). Differences in the content of individual amino acids among the seeds were not statistically significant (P &lt;0.05), except that for glutamic acid. Percentage of the essential to the total amino acids, which is considered as indicator of protein quality, was 37.87%, 33.76% and 35.18%, for chia, brown and gold flax seed respectively, which demonstrates the high quality of these proteins. The average fat content of flax seeds was about 71.42 g/kg higher than that in chia seed (321.37 g/kg dry matter). The fatty acids composition showed the presence of palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, &alpha;- linolenic and arachidic fatty acids in all tested samples. The &alpha;-linolenic acid constitutes on average 54.38% of the total fatty acids of flax seeds and 63.79% of chia seed, and for linoleic acid it was 15.30% and 18.89%. All seeds had low n-6 PUFA / n-3 PUFA ratio. Results of our study confirmed the excellent quality of protein and fat in chia seed, brown and gold flax seed samples. There was no significant effect of the flax seed coat colour for all measured values. Chia seed is the richest of n-3 PUFA &alpha;-linolenic fatty acid in the vegetable world. Both, flax seed and chia seed are the good choice of healthy food to maintain a balanced serum lipid profile. It must be pointed that flax seeds must be ground to release their nutrients, but chia seeds do not.<!--[endif] --