«Conselho de amigo, aviso do céu»: contributos para a análise semântico-pragmática dos atos ilocutórios de conselho e de aviso em confronto com o de ameaça

Com base em exemplos de um corpus oral de Português Europeu, o presente texto discute a organização e funcionamento do ato ilocutório de conselho e de aviso, destacando as semelhanças e diferenças entre eles e os atos de discursos como ameaças e promessas, avisos hipotéticos e ameaças condicionais. Depois da análise das noções do “querer dizer NN” de Grice e de “uptake” de Austin, destacamos a importância da relação entre intenção e convenção na análise dos atos ilocutórios de Searle com o levantamento das regras que determinam os indicadores de força ilocutória. A interpretação dos valores ilocutórios na sequencialidade das intervenções destaca a relação entre práticas discursivas e figuração.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Subtracted Diversity Array Identifies Novel Molecular Markers Including Retrotransposons for Fingerprinting <i>Echinacea</i> Species

<div><p><i>Echinacea,</i> native to the Canadian prairies and the prairie states of the United States, has a long tradition as a folk medicine for the Native Americans. Currently, <i>Echinacea</i> are among the top 10 selling herbal medicines in the U.S. and Europe, due to increasing popularity for the treatment of common cold and ability to stimulate the immune system. However, the genetic relationship within the species of this genus is unclear, making the authentication of the species used for the medicinal industry more difficult. We report the construction of a novel Subtracted Diversity Array (SDA) for <i>Echinacea</i> species and demonstrate the potential of this array for isolating highly polymorphic sequences. In order to selectively isolate <i>Echinacea</i>-specific sequences, a Suppression Subtractive Hybridization (SSH) was performed between a pool of twenty-four <i>Echinacea</i> genotypes and a pool of other angiosperms and non-angiosperms. A total of 283 subtracted genomic DNA (gDNA) fragments were amplified and arrayed. Twenty-seven <i>Echinacea</i> genotypes including four that were not used in the array construction could be successfully discriminated. Interestingly, unknown samples of <i>E. paradoxa</i> and <i>E. purpurea</i> could be unambiguously identified from the cluster analysis. Furthermore, this <i>Echinacea</i>-specific SDA was also able to isolate highly polymorphic retrotransposon sequences. Five out of the eleven most discriminatory features matched to known retrotransposons. This is the first time retrotransposon sequences have been used to fingerprint <i>Echinacea</i>, highlighting the potential of retrotransposons as based molecular markers useful for fingerprinting and studying diversity patterns in <i>Echinacea</i>.</p></div

Description of the <i>Echinacea</i> species used for DNA extraction and development of genome representations.

<p>Notes: AR, Arkansas; IA, Iowa; KS, Kansas; LA, Louisian a; MO, Missouri; NC, North Carolina; OK, Oklahoma; OR, Oregon; SC, South Carolina; TN, Tennessee; VA, Virginia.</p>a<p><i>Echinacea</i> not included in the SDA development.</p>b<p><i>Echinacea</i> with PI accessions numbers were obtained from the germplasm collection in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System.</p>c<p><i>Echinacea</i> verified specimens obtained from a specialized plant nursery (The Diggers Club. Dromana VIC).</p>d<p><i>Echinacea</i> obtained from the Botanical Resources Australia (Tasmania).</p>e<p>The abbreviated names are used to refer to the accessions in the figures.</p

Dissimilarity dendrogram for the 27 genotypes using only the eleven most discriminatory features.

<p>The steps of the dendrogram (Squared Euclidian distance, between groups linkage) show the combined clusters and the values of the distance coefficients at each step; the values have been rescaled to numbers between 0 and 25, preserving the ratio of the distances between the steps. The equivalents of the abbreviated names used for each of the genotypes are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070347#pone-0070347-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Principal component analysis plot for the 283 features.

<p>The first principal component accounts for 94.7% of variation and the second component explained only 2.2% of variation. The squares represent features that account for most of the variability across the genotypes.</p

Significant correlations among the signal of each of the 283 features and the relative abundance of 43 lipophilic metabolites.

a<p>2,4-diene alkamides.</p>b<p>Monoene alkamides.</p>**<p>Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.</p>*<p>Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level.</p

Correlation among the signal strength of feature I18 and the relative content of monoene alkamides.

<p>Significant positive correlations are shown for signal strength of feature H9 and the content of amide 14 and 16.</p

Dissimilarity dendrogram for the SDA hybridization patterns of 27 <i>Echinacea</i> genotypes using the 283 features.

<p>The steps of the dendrogram (Squared Euclidian distance, between groups linkage) show the combined clusters and the values of the distance coefficients at each step; the values have been rescaled to numbers between 0 and 25, preserving the ratio of the distances between the steps. The equivalents of the abbreviated names used for each of the genotypes are shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070347#pone-0070347-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>.</p

Predicted locus/function of the 14 sequenced SDA features using blastN program through National Centre of Biotechnology Information (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).

<p>The best match is shown as the putative identity for each sequence. E-value was regarded as significant if <1e-10. NA indicates the absence of significant data.</p>a<p>Features that were chosen by PCA.</p>b<p>Features that were found to have low signal strength for <i>E. purpurea</i>.</p>c<p>Features whose signal strength correlated significantly with the content of lipophilic metabolites.</p

Quadratic response surface based on estimated percent germination with the confidence interval at the 0.05 probability level for seeds of the cultivar ‘Savannah’.

<p>Note: 1. Data presented are mean ± a half of the confidence interval as determined from regression equations. The maximum calculated germination is enclosed by brackets.</p><p>2. Means not lower than the maximum germination minus one-half of its confidence interval.</p