A Novel Pixel Counting Technique to Assess the Volumetric Changes in Human Brain Morphology

Morphometric measurements such as volume, thickness and sulcal depth are used to provide valuable information about cortical characteristics in both healthy and diseased conditions of the brain. Relevantly, the focus of this paper is to illustrate the morphometric method of assessing the volume changes in the brain caused by aging and/ or pathological condition. Using the T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the brain, the clustering technique is adopted towards segmenting the image into separate compartments of white and gray matters (WM and GM) and the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF). The clustering technique pursued includes the traditional K-means and fuzzy Cmeans algorithm by considering the Euclidean distance metric toward grouping of entities of similar pattern vectors. The method evolved allows the underlying volume measurement of clustered regions by pixel-counting technique. Comparison of volume measurement of segmented cerebral tissues among male and female subjects undergoing ageing process and with cerebral pathogenic states is exercised. The volumetric changes among the male and female subjects are also considered The results reveal distinct details thereof. Specifically, the volumetric assessment indicated proves to be a viable technique toward understanding the gender differences, geriatric changes in the brain as well as the conditions of brain tissues vis-à-vis neuro-related issues. Clinical data gathered and computed results on the proposed method are furnished to illustrate the efficacy of the method and its short comings

A Novel Pixel Counting Technique to Assess the Volumetric Changes in Human Brain Morphology

Morphometric measurements such as volume, thickness and sulcal depth are used to provide valuable information about cortical characteristics in both healthy and diseased conditions of the brain. Relevantly, the focus of this paper is to illustrate the morphometric method of assessing the volume changes in the brain caused by aging and/ or pathological condition. Using the T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of the brain, the clustering technique is adopted towards segmenting the image into separate compartments of white and gray matters (WM and GM) and the cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF). The clustering technique pursued includes the traditional K-means and fuzzy Cmeans algorithm by considering the Euclidean distance metric toward grouping of entities of similar pattern vectors. The method evolved allows the underlying volume measurement of clustered regions by pixel-counting technique. Comparison of volume measurement of segmented cerebral tissues among male and female subjects undergoing ageing process and with cerebral pathogenic states is exercised. The volumetric changes among the male and female subjects are also considered The results reveal distinct details thereof. Specifically, the volumetric assessment indicated proves to be a viable technique toward understanding the gender differences, geriatric changes in the brain as well as the conditions of brain tissues vis-à-vis neuro-related issues. Clinical data gathered and computed results on the proposed method are furnished to illustrate the efficacy of the method and its short comings

In-silico and in-vitro investigation of phytoconstituents present in schleichera oleosa: An enzyme based anti-hyperlipidemic activity

Hyperlipidemia is a common condition among today's generation. Only a few medicines are available for treatment, but they pose a risk if used for an extended period of time. As a result, the objective of this study is to find a potential HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in a natural traditional plant, Schleichera oleosa. The extract was prepared through the cold maceration of the tree's bark with methanol. The preliminary phytochemical assessment was carried out in accordance with the standard test. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibition test kit was used as an in-vitro investigation to investigate the inhibitory potential of phytoconstituents at 2, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg/ml. For 600 seconds, spectrophotometric scans (340 nm) were performed at 30 second intervals. The in-silico ligand-protein docking approach was used to determine the binding potential of phytoconstituents to a complex of the catalytic part of human HMG-CoA reductase (1HW8). The presence of triterpenes, phenols, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, and sterols was found, but flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins were absent. The phytoconstituents were shown to be effective in the inhibition experiment, with 63.14 ± 0.34 % inhibition at 100 µg/ml, and the extract's IC50 was 54.87 µg/ml.&nbsp

In-silico and In-vitro Investigation of Phytoconstituents Present in Schleichera Oleosa: an Enzyme Based Anti-hyperlipidemic Activity

Hyperlipidemia is a common condition among today's generation. Only a few medicines are available for treatment, but they pose a risk if used for an extended period of time. As a result, the objective of this study is to find a potential HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor in a natural traditional plant, Schleichera oleosa. The extract was prepared through the cold maceration of the tree's bark with methanol. The preliminary phytochemical assessment was carried out in accordance with the standard test. The HMG-CoA reductase inhibition test kit was used as an in-vitro investigation to investigate the inhibitory potential of phytoconstituents at 2, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 µg/ml. For 600 seconds, spectrophotometric scans (340 nm) were performed at 30 second intervals. The in-silico ligand-protein docking approach was used to determine the binding potential of phytoconstituents to a complex of the catalytic part of human HMG-CoA reductase (1HW8). The presence of triterpenes, phenols, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, and sterols was found, but flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins were absent. The phytoconstituents were shown to be effective in the inhibition experiment, with 63.14 ± 0.34 % inhibition at 100 µg/ml, and the extract's IC50 was 54.87 µg/ml.&nbsp

Skin cancer detection using non-invasive techniques

Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer and is globally rising. Historically, the diagnosis of skin cancers has depended on various conventional techniques which are of an invasive manner. A variety of commercial diagnostic tools and auxiliary techniques are available to detect skin cancer. This article explains in detail the principles and approaches involved for non-invasive skin cancer diagnostic methods such as photography, dermoscopy, sonography, confocal microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, terahertz spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography, the multispectral imaging technique, thermography, electrical bio-impedance, tape stripping and computer-aided analysis. The characteristics of an ideal screening test are outlined, and the authors pose several points for clinicians and scientists to consider in the evaluation of current and future studies of skin cancer detection and diagnosis. This comprehensive review critically analyses the literature associated with the field and summarises the recent updates along with their merits and demerits