Permutation Decision Trees

Decision Tree is a well understood Machine Learning model that is based on minimizing impurities in the internal nodes. The most common impurity measures are Shannon entropy and Gini impurity. These impurity measures are insensitive to the order of training data and hence the final tree obtained is invariant to any permutation of the data. This leads to a serious limitation in modeling data instances that have order dependencies. In this work, we propose the use of Effort-To-Compress (ETC) - a complexity measure, for the first time, as an impurity measure. Unlike Shannon entropy and Gini impurity, structural impurity based on ETC is able to capture order dependencies in the data, thus obtaining potentially different decision trees for different permutations of the same data instances (Permutation Decision Trees). We then introduce the notion of Permutation Bagging achieved using permutation decision trees without the need for random feature selection and sub-sampling. We compare the performance of the proposed permutation bagged decision trees with Random Forests. Our model does not assume that the data instances are independent and identically distributed. Potential applications include scenarios where a temporal order present in the data instances is to be respected.Comment: 12 pages, 10 figure

Energy-Efficient 3D Deployment of Aerial Access Points in a UAV Communication System

In this letter, we propose an energy-efficient 3-dimensional placement of multiple aerial access points (AAPs), in the desired area, acting as flying base stations for uplink communication from a set of ground user equipment (UE). The globally optimal energy-efficient vertical position of AAPs is derived analytically by considering the inter-cell interference and AAP energy consumption. The horizontal position of AAPs which maximize the packing density of the AAP coverage area are determined using a novel regular polygon-based AAP placement algorithm. We also determine the maximum number of non-interfering AAPs that can be placed in the desired area. The effect of the AAP energy consumption on the optimal placement and the analytic findings are verified via numerical simulations.Comment: This version of the work has been accepted for publication in the IEEE COMMUNICATIONS LETTERS. 6 pages; 5 figure

Functional outcome of mild and moderate residual varus in posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty in primary osteoarthritis knee: a prospective study

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most commonly done orthopaedic surgical procedures for treating severe arthritis of the knee joint caused by osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis. The current clinical investigation, done at the Sanjay Gandhi Institute of Trauma and Orthopaedics in Bengaluru, provided the short-term functional result of mild and moderate residual varus in posterior stabilized TKA. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of mild and moderate residual varus in total knee replacement for primary OA knee in terms of pain relief, range of motion and stability of the joint. Methods: 30 total knee replacements were performed. All patients were examined pre- and post-operatively using the knee society clinical and functional score. The average pre-op KSS knee score was 38.7, with a functional score of 23.3. The most common reason for TKR was osteoarthritis. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 12 months.Results: By the knee society clinical, functional score method, 96.6% of our patients received an outstanding assessment after scoring 80 points or higher. The mean post-operative KSS knee score is 86.57, and the knee society functional score is 92. 92% of patients had little/no pain after surgery, and walking ability increased and was unlimited in 80% of patients.Conclusions: After a short term follow up of 1 year in a research population of 30 with pre-operative osteo arthritis of the knee, with post-operative mild to moderate varus alignment showed better clinical results

Modeling a IF double sampling bandpass switched capacitor ΣΔ ADC with a symmetric noise transfer function for WiMAX/WLAN

4G technology aims to revolutionize private and professional communication with its ubiquity and high-speed transmission (averaging 100Mbps). WiMAX and WLAN are two of the high speed access technologies to be used in the 4G mobile communication. Apropos to their high bandwidths, oversampling converters, e.g.ΣΔ ADCs, used for these standards would entail high levels of power consumption. Double sampling technique used in ΣΔ ADCs help in reducing the power consumption, since the actual sampling rate is only half the sampling frequency required to achieve a target resolution. But for conventional modulators, with low pass noise transfer functions (NTF), this benefit is hampered by the introduction of folded noise due to the mismatch of sampling capacitances. This paper presents a novel method of designing IF bandpass switched capacitor (SC)ΣΔ modulators with symmetric NTFs. Such a bandpass NTF is formulated with its center frequency at one-fourth the effective sampling frequency. The symmetricity ensures that the folded noise is `noise-shaped' along with the quantization noise. The idea is verified with a discrete time bandpass ΣΔ modulator modeled using Simulink®, including various nonlinearities, viz. clock jitter, opampnonidealities, and capacitive mismatch effects owing to double sampling and use of a multibitquantizer. Behavioral simulations of the proposed non-ideal model for WiMAX and WLAN, with a bandwith of 10MHz and 11MHz, respectively, achieved a peak resolution greater than 10 bits for each of the standards

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the hard palate: A case report

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma is an epithelial salivary gland tumor which usually occurs in younger patients and females. The following case report deals with a case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma in a 38-year-old male patient who reported with a chief complaint of swelling in the palatal region for 1 year. At first, it was diagnosed as a benign minor salivary gland tumor of the palate. Upon incisional biopsy, an impression was made according to the features present. Complete excision of the lesion was done which was then diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The conflict between whether the lesion was a benign minor salivary gland tumor of the palate or a malignant counterpart, was resolved and confirmed after excisional biopsy.The article focuses on various diagnostic aspects of this tumor and its surgical management

LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND OBESITY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN RURAL SOUTH INDIA

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of obesity among adolescents of thestudy area and to study the association of physical activity, dietary habitswith obesity.Methods: This was a school based cross sectional study conducted among 2963 adolescents in Udupi. They were interviewed using pre-testedquestionnaire, followed by body mass index measurement and classification using World Health Organization criteria. Statistical analysis was doneusing Mann–Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Chi-square tests.Results: The prevalence of overweight was 2.4% and obesity 1.4% and they were higher among the adolescents belonging to higher socio-economicstatus, among those using motorized transport. Furthermore, 93.2% of the subjects consumed readymade food items apart from homemade ones,28.8% of them had the habit of eating in between the regular meals, and 59.6% of the subjects had the habit of consuming carbonated beveragesregularly.Conclusions: Current levels of obesity and lifestyle factors among the adolescents in the study area can significantly predispose them to the risk ofnon-communicable diseases, which needs to be considered while making policies for non-communicable diseases.Keywords: Adolescents, Obesity, Overweight, Lifestyle, Diet, World Health Organization

Sustainable Wireless Services with UAV Swarms Tailored to Renewable Energy Sources

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) swarms are often required in off-grid scenarios, such as disaster-struck, war-torn or rural areas, where the UAVs have no access to the power grid and instead rely on renewable energy. Considering a main battery fed from two renewable sources, wind and solar, we scale such a system based on the financial budget, environmental characteristics, and seasonal variations. Interestingly, the source of energy is correlated with the energy expenditure of the UAVs, since strong winds cause UAV hovering to become increasingly energy-hungry. The aim is to maximize the cost efficiency of coverage at a particular location, which is a combinatorial optimization problem for dimensioning of the multivariate energy generation system under non-convex criteria. We have devised a customized algorithm by lowering the processing complexity and reducing the solution space through sampling. Evaluation is done with condensed real-world data on wind, solar energy, and traffic load per unit area, driven by vendor-provided prices. The implementation was tested in four locations, with varying wind or solar intensity. The best results were achieved in locations with mild wind presence and strong solar irradiation, while locations with strong winds and low solar intensity require higher Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) allocation.Comment: To be published in Transactions on Smart Gri

Verrucous Hyperplasia : Case report and differential diagnosis

Verrucous hyperplasia (VH) is a rare exophytic oral mucosal lesion which can transform into verrucous carcinoma (VC), its malignant but clinically similar counterpart. These entities can be distinguished by the lack of invasive growth in VH cases; as such, it is essential to include a margin with adequate depth whenperforming a biopsy of the epithelium of the lesion. We report an 80-year-old male patient who presented to the Bapuji Dental College & Hospital, Davangere, Karanataka, India, in 2011 with a warty whitish-pink growth on the inside of his cheek. The patient was treated with wide surgical excision of the lesion and a diagnosis of VH was made based on histopathological features. There was no evidence of recurrence at a five-year follow-up. This report highlights the histological variations, pathogenesis and differential diagnosis of VH

Cell Surface Expression and Function of the Macromolecular C1 Complex on the Surface of Human Monocytes

The synthesis of the subunits of the C1 complex (C1q, C1s, C1r), and its regulator C1 inhibitor (C1-Inh) by human monocytes has been previously established. However, surface expression of these molecules by monocytes has not been shown. Using flow cytometry and antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we show here for the first time that, in addition to C1q, peripheral blood monocytes, and the monocyte-derived U937 cells express C1s and C1r, as well as Factor B and C1-Inh on their surface. C1s and C1r immunoprecipitated with C1q, suggesting that at least some of the C1q on these cells is part of the C1 complex. Furthermore, the C1 complex on U937 cells was able to trigger complement activation via the classical pathway. The presence of C1-Inh may ensure that an unwarranted autoactivation of the C1 complex does not take place. Since C1-Inh closely monitors the activation of the C1 complex in a sterile or infectious inflammatory environment, further elucidation of the role of C1 complex is crucial to dissect its function in monocyte, dendritic cell, and T cell activities, and its implications in host defense and tolerance

Car Cabin Co2, A Safety Issue

Indoor Air Quality has become an important human health and safety concern, clean air is essential for good health. Many studies demonstrate that air recirculation can reduce exposure to nanoparticles in vehicle cabins. However when people occupy confined spaces, air recirculation can lead to carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation which can potentially lead to deleterious effects on cognitive function. It is known that in-vehicle CO2 concentration tends to increase due to occupant exhalation when the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) air is in recirculation mode. This study establishes a major safety problem associated with automotive; Field experiments were conducted to measure CO2 concentration in a typical automotive cabin