474 research outputs found
Basic knowledge and new advances in panoramic radiography imaging techniques: A narrative review on what dentists and radiologists should know
Objectives: A panoramic radiograph (PAN) is the most frequently diagnostic imaging technique carried out in dentistry and oral surgery. The correct performance of image acquisition is crucial to obtain adequate image quality. The aim of the present study is to (i) review the principles of PAN image acquisition and (ii) describe positioning errors and artefacts that may affect PAN image quality. Methods: Articles regarding PAN acquisition principles, patient’s positioning errors, artefacts, and image quality were retrieved from the literature. Results: Head orientation is of the utmost importance in guaranteeing correct image acquisition. Symmetry, occlusal plane inclination, mandibular condyles localization, cervical spine position, aspect of upper teeth root apexes, exposure parameters, and metal and motion artefacts are factors that greatly affect the image quality of a successful PAN. Conclusions: Several factors are the basis for PAN performance; therefore, a systematic approach that takes into account correct patient positioning and preparation is strongly suggested to improve overall examination quality
Modellizzazione delle variazioni composizionali delle specie dell’azoto (NH4 +, NO2 -, NO3 -) nelle acque di falda del Comune di Arezzo (Toscana)♦
Gli elementi chimici disciolti nelle acque continentali
provengono dall’alterazione della crosta terrestre.
L’acqua erode e dissolve i minerali delle rocce
attraverso l’alterazione chimica avvalendosi del
contributo dei gas presenti in atmosfera o nel
sottosuolo. Il nitrato, una delle sostanze responsabili
delle più gravi forme di inquinamento delle acque nei
paesi in via di sviluppo, è un nutriente essenziale per la
crescita delle piante e rappresenta un anello
fondamentale del ciclo biogeochimico dell'azoto, in
quanto viene prodotto dai batteri a partire dall'azoto
atmosferico. In quantità eccessive il nitrato può essere
dannoso per gli uomini e per gli animali. Elevati livelli
di nitrato nell'acqua sono causati in larga misura
dall'uso di fertilizzanti ricchi di nitrato e dal letame. In
questo contesto, le condizioni redox delle acque
naturali, che controllano la speciazione dei composti
dell’azoto, sono altamente variabili perché controllate
prevalentemente dall’attività biologica. In particolare,
il bilancio fra i due processi dell’attività biologica, la
fotosintesi e la respirazione (o decomposizione della
sostanza organica), determina la presenza nel sistema
di condizioni ossidanti o riducenti. I composti
dell’azoto possono quindi essere considerati utili
indicatori dello stato di salute di un acquifero
superficiale. In questo lavoro sono analizzati i dati
relativi ai tenori delle specie dell’azoto NH4
+, NO2
- e
NO3
- relativi ad acque di falda campionate nell’area
aretina nel corso della realizzazione dell’Atlante
Geochimico delle Acque di Falda e di Scorrimento
Superficiale del Comune di Arezzo.
I dati sono analizzati proponendo nuove metodologie
grafiche e numeriche per visualizzare lo stato del
territorio nei confronti della pressione antropica come
rilevata dal comportamento spaziale e temporale delle
specie suddette
Sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical features of late quaternary sediment profiles from the Southern Tuscany Hg Mercury District (Italy): Evidence for the presence of pre-industrial mercury and arsenic concentrations
Southern Tuscany (Italy) is an important metallogenic district that hosts relevant S-polymetallic deposits that have intensely been exploited for centuries. Consequently, potential toxic elements, such as Hg and As, are widely distributed in the surrounding environment. In this paper, an extensive sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical study of two Late Quaternary sediment profiles, partially outcropping along the coast of southern Tuscany (Ansedonia area), was carried out to evaluate the contents and mobility of Hg and As with the aims to contribute to the definition of the geochemical baseline of southern Tuscany before the human intervention and evaluate the potential dispersion of these harmful elements. The sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical (major elements) features revealed that the studied profiles are mostly related to the local geological characteristics and the Quaternary geological history of the area. The concentrations and the normalized patterns of trace and rare earth elements highlighted the absence of any anthropogenic activity. This implies that the studied samples are to be regarded as good proxies for evaluating the geochemical baseline of southern Tuscany before the intense mining activity. The enrichment factors (EF) of most trace elements were indeed lower or close to 2, indicating a variability close to the average concentration of the Upper Continental Crust (UCC), while other elements slightly enriched, such as Pb, were in agreement with the natural baseline reported for southern Tuscany. Mercury and As displayed EF values >40 when compared to the average contents of UCC, although they decrease down to 4 when compared to the suggested baseline for southern Tuscany. The higher Hg and As contents detected in this study, inferred to natural sources, evidenced (i) the great natural variability occurring in largely mineralized areas and (ii) the importance of estimating reference environmental parameters in order to avoid misleading interpretations of the detected anomalies. Moreover, the results of leaching test on sediment samples denoted a relatively low mobility of Hg and As, suggesting that these elements are preferentially mobilized by transport of clastic sediments and such anomalies may be preserved for relatively long times in Quaternary sediments. However, leachable Hg (0.6-9.7 μg/L) and As (2.1-42.2 μg/L) concentrations are significantly high when compared to those of the Italian limit for groundwater (1 μg/L for Hg and 10 μg/L for As). Quaternary sediments from southern Tuscany could then be a potential, though natural, source of Hg and As to groundwater systems
New experimental limits on the alpha decays of lead isotopes
For the first time a PbWO4 crystal was grown using ancient Roman lead and it
was run as a cryogenic detector. Thanks to the simultaneous and independent
read-out of heat and scintillation light, the detector was able to discriminate
beta/gamma interactions with respect to alpha particles down to low energies.
New more stringent limits on the alpha decays of the lead isotopes are
presented. In particular a limit of T_{1/2} > 1.4*10^20 y at a 90% C.L. was
evaluated for the alpha decay of 204Pb to 200Hg
Trend of sexually transmitted infections during the Covid-19 age. What was the impact of the pandemic and the social distancing measures?
Covid-19 pandemic has led to social distancing guidelines andresource allocation with subsequent impairment of sexual healthservices. The impact of such measures and the recommendationsregarding changes of sexual behaviour is a matter of debate
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