Root caries over the generations

Since the early 1980s root caries has become a subject of interest in dental research and practice. Improved life expectancy and reduction of tooth loss have led to more natural teeth are being retained for longer. While these are significant public health and dental health successes, it may put the older population at a higher risk of root caries. The current international scientific literature reports that root caries is observed in a significant proportion of older adults. Thus, it was hypothesised that retaining more natural teeth in older adults would elevate root caries to being a more prominent problem in the current generation than in the previous generation. This presumption was congruent with the ‘failure of success’ and ‘more teeth, more disease’ theories accepted in both the medical and dental fields. While this has been demonstrated in a cross-sectional study of coronal and root caries, these theories have not yet been verified in studies across the generations. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of root caries and its risk factors in the contemporary population of older adults. In particular, this study tested the ‘failure of success’ or ‘more teeth, more disease’ theories in relation to root caries among Australian older adults by studying root caries across generations over a 22-year period. This thesis combines a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression study, with three empirical studies using the National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004-06, the South Australian Dental Longitudinal Study 1 (SADLS1) (started in 1991/1992) and the Intergenerational Change in Oral Health Study in Australia (SADLS2) (started in 2013-2014). This study found that there were a diverse range of root caries studies presented around the world. There is a need to conduct and report root caries research in a globally consistent way to be able to take advantage from a ‘pooled estimate’ of root caries in a future meta-analysis. This study found that root caries has remained a dental public health problem among Australian adults and older adults. The profile of risk indicators of root caries has remained stable across generations. The risk indicators are slightly different between untreated root caries (root DS), and treated related-root caries (root FS and root DFS). Root caries was also found to increase continuously, even among healthier adults. The most important finding of this study was that, despite a higher retention of natural teeth, and a high prevalence of gingival recession in the current generation of Australians, they experienced less root caries than the previous generation. Improvements in the upstream determinants of oral health such as living conditions, expansion of water fluoridation and wider use of dental services might have played a role in protecting the oral health of the older population. In conclusion, the ‘failure of success’ or ‘more teeth, more disease’ theories were not supported in this study of root caries across generations of Australian older adults. The findings support the current population-based program of water fluoridation, and the promotion of healthy lifestyle in order to prevent root caries.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, Adelaide Dental School, 201

PENGARUH UMUR PANEN TERHADAP RENDEMEN DAN KUALITAS MINYAK ATSIRI TANAMAN NILAM (Pogostemon cablin Benth.)

Tanaman nilam merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang dapat menyumbang devisa lebih dari 50 % dari total ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia. Minyak nilam bersifat fixatif (pengikat) sehingga mempunyai peluang yang baik karena belum ada produk substitusinya. Peningkat-an jumlah penduduk mempengaruhi permintaan minyak nilam, akan tetapi lahan budidaya nilam semakin menurun. Di Indonesia tanaman nilam memiliki rendemen dan kualitas minyak yang bervariasi, sehingga diperlukan teknik budidaya tanaman nilam yang tepat. Umur panen berhubungan erat dengan fase pertumbuhan tanaman yang mencerminkan tingkat kematangan fisiologis tanaman, dan mempunyai relevansi kuat dengan produksi dan kandungan yang ada dalam tanaman. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari umur panen yang tepat terhadap rendemen dan mutu minyak tanaman nilam ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2011 – Maret 2012 di Tempeh – Lumajang. Penelitian ini menggunakan RAK yang terdiri atas 6 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan, yaitu: P1 : 4 bst + 4 bsp; P2 : 5 bst + 3 bsp; P3 : 6 bst + 2 bsp; P4 : 7 bst + 1 bsp; dan P5 : 8 bst (bulan setelah tanam/panen). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur panen berpengaruh nyata terhadap komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman nilam. Melalui uji Kromatografi Gas Spektrometer Masa minyak nilam memiliki kadar patchouli alkohol 18.40 – 22.40 %. Sedangkan indeks bias memiliki kisaran 1.5042 – 1.5075 dan berat jenis 0.951 – 0.995 g/ml Analisi R/C rasio menunjukkan bahwa P1 adalah perlakuan yang paling optimal, dilihat dari hasil penjualan bahan basah, bahan kering maupun minyak nilam yang masing-masing memiliki nilai R/C rasio 2.34, 2.77 dan 3.58. Kata kunci : Nilam (Pogostemon cablin Benth.), Umur Panen, Rendemen, Patchouli Alkoho

Pengaruh Umur Panen Terhadap Rendemen Dan Kualitas Minyak Atsiri Tanaman Nilam (Pogostemon Cablin Benth.)

Tanaman nilam merupakan tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri yang dapat menyumbang devisa lebih dari 50 % dari total ekspor minyak atsiri Indonesia. Minyak nilam bersifat fixatif (pengikat) sehingga mempunyai peluang yang baik karena belum ada produk substitusinya. Peningkat-an jumlah penduduk mempengaruhi permintaan minyak nilam, akan tetapi lahan budidaya nilam semakin menurun. Di Indonesia tanaman nilam memiliki rendemen dan kualitas minyak yang bervariasi, sehingga diperlukan teknik budidaya tanaman nilam yang tepat. Umur panen berhubungan erat dengan fase pertumbuhan tanaman yang mencerminkan tingkat kematangan fisiologis tanaman, dan mempunyai relevansi kuat dengan produksi dan kandungan yang ada dalam tanaman. Penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari umur panen yang tepat terhadap rendemen dan mutu minyak tanaman nilam ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Desember 2011 – Maret 2012 di Tempeh – Lumajang. Penelitian ini menggunakan RAK yang terdiri atas 6 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan, yaitu: P1 : 4 bst + 4 bsp; P2 : 5 bst + 3 bsp; P3 : 6 bst + 2 bsp; P4 : 7 bst + 1 bsp; dan P5 : 8 bst (bulan setelah tanam/panen). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur panen berpengaruh nyata terhadap komponen pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman nilam. Melalui uji Kromatografi Gas Spektrometer Masa minyak nilam memiliki kadar patchouli alkohol 18.40 – 22.40 %. Sedangkan indeks bias memiliki kisaran 1.5042 – 1.5075 dan berat jenis 0.951 – 0.995 g/ml Analisi R/C rasio menunjukkan bahwa P1 adalah perlakuan yang paling optimal, dilihat dari hasil penjualan bahan basah, bahan kering maupun minyak nilam yang masing-masing memiliki nilai R/C rasio 2.34, 2.77 dan 3.58

Husband’s Support and Wife’s Decision to Children’s Dental Visit: Is There Any Relationship?

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common dental caries in children. The 2013 Indonesian basic health survey showed that there were still many children in developmental age affected by dental caries. Parents’ participation is very necessary in guiding, giving understanding, reminding, and providing facilities so that children can maintain their overall oral hygiene. Hence, parents can prevent plaque accumulation and the occurrence of caries in children. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of husbands’ support on the decision of mothers to take their children to the dentist. Subjects and methods: This study used a cross-sectional method. The samples from this study were 95 mothers from 3 kindergartens in Surabaya. Ninety-five mothers were randomly chosen as research respondents and filled out the research questionnaires. The data obtained were processed using statistical analysis to determine the correlation. Results: Research respondents with low husband support (subjective norms) who did not take their children to the dentist had a significant value (p = 0.004) compared to the study respondents with high husband support who did not bring their children to the dentist (p = 0.093). Conclusion: Mothers with low support from husbands tend to have the attitude not to take their children to do routine dental and oral examinations

Ghrelin and Serotonin as Indicators of Obesity due to The Influence of Circadia on Wistar Rats

Introduction: One of the main factors supporting obesity is the disruption in the performance of the circadian rhythm which results in a decrease in the quality and quantity of sleep, which triggers stress which is regulated by the hormone serotonin in the body. This increase in serotonin is related to factors that trigger the risk of obesity, besides that melatonin and leptin in the body can decrease, thereby increasing ghrelin which stimulates appetite. The aim of this study was to prove that ghrelin and serotonin can be used as indicators of obesity in Wistar rats as experimental animals. Materials and Methods: This study involved 3 groups with each group consisting of 6 samples. Group 1 was the normal group (12 hours light, 12 hours dark), group 2 was the dark group (24 hours dark) and group 3 was the light group (24 hours light. Each group was treated with circadian and modified feed until obesity was found and then the blood measured using the Rat ELISA Kit. Results: The results of the correlation test of body weight of Wistar rats with ghrelin and serotonin show that there is a strong relationship between body weight and ghrelin with p-value = 0.006 (p< 0.05), r= 0.609. The correlation between body weight and serotonin was moderate with p-value = 0.023 (p< 0.05), r= 0.517. Conclusion: Ghrelin and Serotonin can be used as indicators of obesity in Wistar rats

Recent Updates of the Oral Benefits of Mangosteen Plant Extracts: Review

Mainly in developing countries, herbal medicine has remained the mainstay of approximately 75 to 80 % of the world population. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit consists of several active components with major bioactive secondary metabolites that are xanthone derivatives. Traditionally, mangosteen has been used as a remedy for anti-diarrheal, skin infection on account of anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory benefits which all lead to improving the general health. Nowadays, several studies discuss the benefits of mangosteen, on account of the fact that plenty of recent articles concerning the medical and oral benefits of mangosteen extracts abound. However, still no previous review (up to 2015) covered the oral benefits of the mangosteen. This review is new in that it addresses the recent updates of the oral benefits of mangosteen extracts. To achieve the study goal, this review covered recent published articles from 2015 onward, which focused only on the oral benefits of mangosteen extracts in use. The results reveled that oral benefits of mangosteen extracts have been widely used as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbes which were evaluated and discussed in this review. To conclude, this review highlighted and addressed the manipulations and oral beneficial effects of mangosteen extracts that were dependent on several active compounds. It is hoped that this review will be important and beneficial to researchers tackling the future challenges and developments on mangosteen extracts studies

Education and Knowledge Level Analysis of the Teachers Regarding Dental Education Program in Primary Schools

Introduction: The highest caries prevalence occurs in the age group 10-14 which is the age of school children. Increased teacher knowledge about dental and oral health will determine students in behaving to maintain oral health. Objective: This study aimed to determine the level of education towards the level of knowledge of dental and oral health and School’s Dental Education Program for kindergarten and elementary school teachers. Method: This was an observational descriptive study with cross sectional approach. The population of this study were kindergarten and elementary school teachers in Public Health Center working area in Surabaya with a total sample size of 76 respondents. Results: Chi-Square analysis of education level did not correlate with the level of dental and oral health knowledge and School’s Dental Education Program (ρ = 0.951 and ρ = 0.098). Conclusion: There was no relationship between the level of education on the level of knowledge of dental and oral health and School’s Dental Education Programfor kindergarten and elementary school teachers

Functional Factors on Compliance Drugs Consumption in Diabetes Melitus Patients Related to Periodontal Health

Background: Tambakrejo Health Center is one of the public health services in Surabaya that provides integrated dental and oral health services. As many as 69% of the community in health center working area were exposed to periodontal problems, and around 18% suffered from diabetes mellitus. Objective: This study aimed to identify the factors that play a role in compliance with drug consumption in patients with diabetes mellitus associated with periodontal tissue in the working area of Tambakrejo health center in Surabaya. Methods: This was an observational analytic study with cross sectional method. The study sample was 60 people with diabetes mellitus selected with a random sampling technique. Respondents filled out questionnaires to measure patients’ perceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and actions about drugs, diabetes mellitus, periodontal health, and the level of compliance with drug consumption. The sample oral hygiene status was determined using the Russell Index. Results: The data obtained showed that as many as 67% of the samples had low level of compliance. Whereas, 20% of the sample had moderate level of compliance. Only 13% of the sample had high level of adherence. Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between the level of compliance of patients taking antidiabetic drugs and the periodontal health

An Overview of the Gingival Lead Line in Traffic Officers of Surabaya Capital City Police

Lead exposure in the air comes from the emissions of vehicles, which can damage human health. Exposure to lead will affect the brain, kidneys, and blood. The presence of lead in the body can be seen through a bluish pigmentation in the oral mucosa or gingival lead line. Traffic officers have a high risk of lead exposure which has been demonstrated by the result of previous studies where 96.67% of traffic officers had a gingival lead line. This study aimed to determine the gingival lead line in traffic officers in Surabaya Capital City Police. This study was an descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional approach. The samples in this study were 98 traffic officers, and it used a simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by conducting interviews, intraoral examination, and laboratory tests. All obtained data was analyzed using cross-tabulation and odd ratio measurement with the SPSS program. Gingival lead lines were classified into two categories, i.e. moderate and poor. A moderate gingival lead line was found in 38 respondents, and the remaining 60 were classified as a poor gingival lead line. The results of measurement of the odd ratio (OR) between the gingival lead line and smoking habit, as well as gingival lead line and blood lead level were 3.436 and 1.018, respectively. This showed that a smoking habit and blood lead level were risk factors for a gingival lead line. A gingival lead line was found more in traffic officers who smoked and had excessive blood lead levels