Factores Determinantes de Localización de la Inversión Directa Extranjera En El Perú: 1990-2014

En este trabajo se investigan los Factores Determinantes de Localización de la Inversión Directa Extranjera en la economía peruana periodo: 1990-2014. La razón de nuestra investigación es por qué en nuestra economía la Inversión Directa Extranjera ha tenido un crecimiento fuera de lo normal observado a partir de la década de los noventa del siglo pasado. Nuestra hipótesis es que existen Factores de Localización estadísticamente significativos que influyen en la evolución de la Inversión Directa Extranjera en el Perú entre 1990 y 2014. De acuerdo a la teoría básica consideramos que el Tamaño de Mercado Peruano, la Apertura Comercial y la Estabilidad Macroeconómica Peruana influye positivamente en la IDE y el Riesgo País influye negativamente en la IDE. Para lograr nuestros Objetivos se ha utilizado información secundaria obtenida del BCR del Perú y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática y estimaciones de modelos de rezagos distribuidos finitos que nos permitió conocer el impacto de corto y largo plazo de los determinantes de localización de la Inversión Directa Extranjera periodo: 1990-2014. Los resultados de cada indicador muestran para el tamaño de mercado que con un 98% de probabilidad podemos afirmar que el tamaño de mercado influye positivamente en la inversión directa extranjera; Un aumento de 1% del grado de Apertura Comercial aumenta en 9.1% la IDE; Con una probabilidad del 99% se puede afirmar que existe suficiente evidencia empírica como para afirmar que el Riesgo País influye sobre la IDE, tiene una relación inversa; Para estabilidad macroeconómica si el Ahorro Interno aumenta en 1% como porcentaje del PBI, la IDE aumenta en 6.9% en el corto plazo y en 16.5% en el largo plazo

Factores Determinantes de Localización de la Inversión Directa Extranjera En El Perú: 1990-2014

En este trabajo se investigan los Factores Determinantes de Localización de la Inversión Directa Extranjera en la economía peruana periodo: 1990-2014. La razón de nuestra investigación es por qué en nuestra economía la Inversión Directa Extranjera ha tenido un crecimiento fuera de lo normal observado a partir de la década de los noventa del siglo pasado. Nuestra hipótesis es que existen Factores de Localización estadísticamente significativos que influyen en la evolución de la Inversión Directa Extranjera en el Perú entre 1990 y 2014. De acuerdo a la teoría básica consideramos que el Tamaño de Mercado Peruano, la Apertura Comercial y la Estabilidad Macroeconómica Peruana influye positivamente en la IDE y el Riesgo País influye negativamente en la IDE. Para lograr nuestros Objetivos se ha utilizado información secundaria obtenida del BCR del Perú y del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática y estimaciones de modelos de rezagos distribuidos finitos que nos permitió conocer el impacto de corto y largo plazo de los determinantes de localización de la Inversión Directa Extranjera periodo: 1990-2014. Los resultados de cada indicador muestran para el tamaño de mercado que con un 98% de probabilidad podemos afirmar que el tamaño de mercado influye positivamente en la inversión directa extranjera; Un aumento de 1% del grado de Apertura Comercial aumenta en 9.1% la IDE; Con una probabilidad del 99% se puede afirmar que existe suficiente evidencia empírica como para afirmar que el Riesgo País influye sobre la IDE, tiene una relación inversa; Para estabilidad macroeconómica si el Ahorro Interno aumenta en 1% como porcentaje del PBI, la IDE aumenta en 6.9% en el corto plazo y en 16.5% en el largo plazo

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society