Treating major depression with yoga: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial

<div><p>Background</p><p>Conventional pharmacotherapies and psychotherapies for major depression are associated with limited adherence to care and relatively low remission rates. Yoga may offer an alternative treatment option, but rigorous studies are few. This randomized controlled trial with blinded outcome assessors examined an 8-week hatha yoga intervention as mono-therapy for mild-to-moderate major depression.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Investigators recruited 38 adults in San Francisco meeting criteria for major depression of mild-to-moderate severity, per structured psychiatric interview and scores of 14–28 on Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). At screening, individuals engaged in psychotherapy, antidepressant pharmacotherapy, herbal or nutraceutical mood therapies, or mind-body practices were excluded. Participants were 68% female, with mean age 43.4 years (SD = 14.8, range = 22–72), and mean BDI score 22.4 (SD = 4.5). Twenty participants were randomized to 90-minute hatha yoga practice groups twice weekly for 8 weeks. Eighteen participants were randomized to 90-minute attention control education groups twice weekly for 8 weeks. Certified yoga instructors delivered both interventions at a university clinic. Primary outcome was depression severity, measured by BDI scores every 2 weeks from baseline to 8 weeks. Secondary outcomes were self-efficacy and self-esteem, measured by scores on the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) at baseline and at 8 weeks.</p><p>Results</p><p>In intent-to-treat analysis, yoga participants exhibited significantly greater 8-week decline in BDI scores than controls (p-value = 0.034). In sub-analyses of participants completing final 8-week measures, yoga participants were more likely to achieve remission, defined per final BDI score ≤ 9 (p-value = 0.018). Effect size of yoga in reducing BDI scores was large, per Cohen’s d = -0.96 [95%CI, -1.81 to -0.12]. Intervention groups did not differ significantly in 8-week change scores for either the GSES or RSES.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>In adults with mild-to-moderate major depression, an 8-week hatha yoga intervention resulted in statistically and clinically significant reductions in depression severity.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01210651" target="_blank">NCT01210651</a></p></div

Effect sizes for primary and secondary outcomes in study completers.

<p>Effect sizes for primary and secondary outcomes in study completers.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants.

<p>Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants.</p

Hatha yoga sequence^*.

<p>Hatha yoga sequence^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173869#t001fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Intent-to-treat analysis: Adjusted mean BDI scores plotted by time.

<p>Intent-to-treat analysis: Adjusted mean BDI scores plotted by time.</p

Analyses of GSES scores and RSES scores in study completers.

<p>Analyses of GSES scores and RSES scores in study completers.</p

Participant flow diagram.

<p>Participant flow diagram.</p