Do Entrenched Manager Pay Their Workers More?

We present evidence on whether managerial entrenchment affects workers' pay, using a large panel dataset that matches public firms with detailed data on their subsidiaries and workers. We find that CEOs with a stronger grip on control pay their workers higher wages, but CEO ownership of cash flow rights mitigates such behavior. Unionized workers and executives are found to get a larger share of the higher pay. These findings do not seem to be driven by productivity differences or reverse causality, and are robust to a series of robustness checks. Our evidence is consistent with an agency model in which entrenched managers pay higher wages because they come with direct private benefits for the manager, such as lower-effort wage bargaining and better CEO-employee relations, and suggests more broadly an important link between the corporate governance of large public firms and labor market outcomes.Corporate governance; agency problems; private benefits; matched employer-employee data; wages

Farm performance and input self-sufficiency increases with functional crop diversity on Swedish farms

Diversified crop production is a key agroecological practice that enhances ecosystem functions and reduces reliance on costly external inputs, such as for plant protection and nutrition but might also increase labour costs and lower crop yields. We investigate if functional diversification, i.e., cultivation of crop species with contrasting ecological functions, is associated with a higher growth in farm economic performance and input selfsufficiency. This is compared with increased related crop diversity i.e., the cultivation of genetically closely related crop species. We apply the system GMM dynamic panel data estimator to 35,195 medium and large Swedish farms (2001-2018), combining information on crop grown on each field and year with farm financial and individual characteristics. We find growth in farm economic performance and input self-sufficiency to respond positively to functional crop diversification and negatively to related crop diversification. The results highlight that a decomposed assessment of crop diversification provides an enhanced understanding of the buildup of resource-use efficiencies and production- and market risk reductions on Swedish farms

Long-term trends in functional crop diversity across Swedish farms

The diversity of cultivated crops is relevant on various spatial scales, from the field and farm to the landscape. We apply a decomposition of the Shannon diversity index that allows the differentiation of functional diversity of production. The decomposition separates diversity of functional crop groups from related diversity, which shows the species diversity within the crop groups. Using population-based field and farm-level data from Sweden 2001–2018, we are able to study the development of overall (Shannon), functional and related crop diversity among a total of 83770 farms. Crop diversity indices are calculated by farm and year based on the Swedish Land Parcel Identification system (LPIS). We find that functional crop diversity has declined among Swedish farms over the period. Related crop diversity has declined but regained in recent years. Accounting for farm size and pedoclimatic conditions, organic farms have a higher functional diversity, and the uptake of organic practices leads to an increase in functional crop diversity over the period

Fördelar och nackdelar med virtuell obduktion kontra klinisk obduktion - en litteraturstudie

Klinisk obduktion är idag det mest använda verktyget för att avgöra en avliden människas dödsorsak. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att jämföra för- och nackdelar med virtuell obduktion kontra klinisk obduktion i dödsorsaksutredningen. Analys har genomförts av 12 artiklar där relevant resultat har framtagits. Resultatet visade att virtuell obduktion både har sina för- och nackdelar jämfört med klinisk obduktion, både i det praktiska genomförandet, närståendes och omvårdnadspersonals inställning. Virtuell obduktion visade sig vara effektivare än klinisk obduktion i fråga om till exempel fraktur och pneumothorax medan det fungerade sämre vid dödsorsaksutredning om dödsorsaken exempelvis var infektion och hjärtinfarkt. Studien visade ett samband mellan religion, graden av utbildning och den närståendes beslut om obduktion ska utföras eller ej. Sammanfattningsvis visade studien att virtuell obduktion för närvarande inte kan ersätta klinisk obduktion, men kan användas som ett bra komplement till klinisk obduktion

Circulating cytokines reflect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in atherosclerotic plaques.

Inflammation is a key factor in the development of plaque rupture and acute cardiovascular events. Although imaging techniques can be used to identify vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques, we are lacking non-invasive methods, such as plasma markers of plaque inflammation that could help to identify presence of vulnerable plaques. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines reflects inflammatory activity within atherosclerotic plaques

IgG4 subclass glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA) are associated with a reduced risk of developing type 1 diabetes as well as increased C-peptide levels in GADA positive gestational diabetes.

Some women with gestational diabetes (GDM) present with autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes. These are usually directed against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) and suggested to predict development of type 1 diabetes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate if GADA IgG subclasses at onset of GDM could assist in predicting postpartum development. Of 1225 women diagnosed with first-time GDM only 51 were GADA-positive. Total GADA was determined using ELISA. GADA subclasses were determined with radioimmunoassay. Approximately 25% of GADA-positive women developed type 1 diabetes postpartum. Titers of total GADA were higher in women that developed type 1 diabetes (142.1 vs 74.2u/mL; p=0.04) and they also had lower titers of GADA IgG4 (index=0.01 vs 0.04; p=0.03). In conclusion we found that that women with high titers of total GADA but low titers of GADA IgG4 were more prone to develop type 1 diabetes postpartum

Arena för ungt skapande. Hur biblioteket tar till vara unga människors kulturuttryck: exemplet Demoteket

The aim of this Master's thesis is to explore the function of public libraries as arenas for young people's artistic creations. It examines how the public library makes activities based on independent creativity visible, and what activities of this sort imply to the public library. The thesis also relates this to the public library's task in society. The main object of examination is Demoteket, an on-going project in the south-eastern parts of Sweden. In this project Länsbibliotek Sydost co-operates with Reaktor Sydost, a centre of resource in the fields of young communication and filmmaking. The idea behind Demoteket is that the public library receives young people's artistic creations, such as music, pictures, text and film, and lends them to the public. The librarians', the collaborators' and the young people's perspectives on the role of the public library in the project Demoteket are examined through interviews, questionnaire surveys and a documentary study. Documents concerning similar projects are also taken into account to further elucidate the public library's function as an arena. The results show that the role as an arena for young people's creativity implies a new way of thinking and new methods of working for the public library. A project such as Demoteket has the potential to put dynamics into the public library's work with young people. Taking care of young people's creations and making them visible however require continuous work and the arranging of various activities. But if projects like Demoteket are integrated into the public library's traditional system, there is a risk of stagnation. The role as an arena for young people's creations is associated with insecurity for the public library. Collaboration with the young as well as with more established actors on the field has proved to be advantageous. Independent creation plays an important part in the young person's search for meaning and identity, and at the same time it is associated with joy. Encouraging this kind of creativity is therefore a significant task, which also concords with the guiding principles stating the forms of public library work

Den (o)värdige bidragstagaren - Diskussioner om socialbidrag på ett internetforum

The aim of this essay was to study how posters on the internet forum Flashback discuss social assistance and social assistance recipients. Research show that there is a tendency in today’s society to interpret the reasons for receiving social assistance as having individualistic causes. This is in spite of the fact that studies show that the individuals’ ability to provide for oneself often have structural foundations. Representations of social assistance recipients as being lazy and able to get work if they really wanted exist among the Swedish public. It was therefore interesting for us to see how posters present themselves and the social assistance recipients in the discussion that took place on the forum. The study is a discourse analysis carried out using discursive social psychology as an approach, in which theory and method is seen as intertwined. The study consisted of an analysis of 200 posts from a thread at the internet forum Flashback. Crucial theoretical concepts for our analysis were interpretative repertoires, subject positions and narrative resistance. In the study we inquire into which interpretative repertoires that can be distinguished in the discussion and how these are the basis on which representations of social assistance recipients are built. The results of our analysis have indicated that two interpretative repertoires are crucial to the way in which the posters phrase themselves concerning social assistance. These repertoires are the interpretative repertoire of effortfulness and the interpretative repertoire of structural causes. Important in the representations of the identity of the posters is the categorization of a group of hard working individuals and the social assistance recipients as lacking in their efforts. The posters express how they take their own responsibility with the aim of revealing how the social assistance recipients are inadequate when it comes to taking their responsibility. The representation of the social assistance recipients is characterized by a division of worthy and unworthy individuals

Många bäckar små gör en stor å?

Dagens universitet står inför en allt högre konkurrens om studenter både nationellt och inter-nationellt. Behovet av varumärkning av högre utbildning har således blivit allt större. Univer-siteten måste därför arbeta med att särskilja sig från mängden för att kunna locka studenter och medarbetare till sig. Inom den traditionella varumärkesforskningen har fokus förflyttats från ett produktorienterad till en mer organisationsorienterad syn på varumärkning, där ett enhetligt varumärke ska differentiera organisationen från andra. Forskningsområdet varu-märkning av högre utbildning är ännu relativt knappt och har tidigare fokuserat mycket på externa aspekter av varumärkning. Vi har därför med hjälp av 10 kvalitativa intervjuer under-sökt Lunds universitets förutsättningar för att arbeta med varumärkesbyggande från ett internt perspektiv och i förlängningen deras möjlighet att leverera ett enhetligt varumärke. Studien visar att på grund av olika faktorer så som organisationsstruktur, akademiska värden och starka subkulturer, ser förutsättningarna för ett universitet att arbeta med varumärkesbyg-gande annorlunda ut än för en traditionell organisation. Det påverkar i förlängningen organi-sationens arbete med varumärkesbyggande och möjligheten att leverera ett enhetligt budskap från universitetet. Slutligen fann vi att universitetets fakulteter kan ha mer att vinna på att sär-profilera sig på en nationell nivå, men på en internationell nivå finns ett behov av ett enhetli-gare varumärke