The Administration of British Burma 1852-1885.

In this thesis is outlined the development of British administration in its Burmese provinces between 1852 and the war of 1885. In 1852 the British government of India acquired its third Burmese province when Pegu was annexed, as Tenasserim and Arakan had been annexed earlier in 1826. The difficulties of establishing British administration in Pegu are discussed, as well as the later amalgamation of the three British Burmese provinces into that of British Burma and the subsequent development of administration there. This development was influenced by the indigenous system of government; by practices established between 1826 and 1852 in Tenasserim and Arakan; and by British administrative practices that were standard in all of British India. British administrative objectives were basically the maintenance of peace and order but as it was necessary for the revenue of provinces to pay for the costs of administration, economic development was also important. Accordingly the most important functions of the British administration in Burma were those of police, justice, and revenue. Social stability and a laissez-faire economy gave impetus to economic growth within the province. This forced the administration to expand its existing framework; to establish departmental government; and to allow the indigenous people more responsibility in it. The way in which this occurred was, however, largely deter-mined by developments within India, to whose government the province of British Burma was subordinate

Hydrogeochemical characterisation of the groundwater in the crystalline basement of Forsmark, the selected area for the geological nuclear repositories in Sweden

Numerous groundwater analyses from the crystalline bedrock in the Forsmark area have been performed between 2002 and 2019, together with thorough geological, geophysical, and hydrogeological studies, within the site investigations carried out by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company. The groundwater samples have been taken from boreholes down to ≈ 1000 m and the analysis include major- and trace-elements, stable and radiogenic isotopes, gases and microbes. The chemical and isotopic composition of these groundwaters evidences the presence of non-marine brackish to saline groundwaters with very long residence times (many hundreds of thousands of years) and a series of complex mixing events resulting from the recharge of different waters over time: glacial meltwaters, probably from different glaciations of which the latest culminated some 20,000 years ago, and marine waters from the Baltic starting some 7000 years ago. Later, meteoric water and present Baltic Sea water have recharged in different parts of the upper 100 m. These mixing events have also triggered chemical and microbial reactions that have conditioned some of the important groundwater parameters and, together with the structural complexity of the area, they have promoted a heterogeneous distribution of groundwater compositions in the bedrock. Due to these evident differences in chemistry, residence time and origin of the groundwater, several groundwater types were defined in order to facilitate the visualisation and communication. The differentiation (linked to the paleohydrological history of the area) was based on Cl concentration, Cl/Mg ratio (marine component), and δ18O value (glacial component). The work presented in this paper increases the understanding of the groundwater evolution in fractured and compartmentalised aquifers where mixing processes are the most important mechanisms. The model proposed to characterise the present groundwater system of the Forsmark area will also help to predict the future hydrogeochemical behaviour of the groundwater system after the construction of the repositories for the nuclear wastes

Camping : Vad, Vem & Varför!

What on earth do people see in camping? Why do they choose this compact living in their holiday? All that people in caravans who are put together in a camp site. The purpose of my study was to find out who and wy. My ethnographic study in a camp site with participation observations, interviews and analysis have results in facts that show why. The most common camper is the house owner with average income. And the choice of the camp site depend on the security and the service that the camp site offered. The camp site was controlled and the campers controlled each other. Therefore was the place safe and calm and the campers lived here in harmony together.They, the campers, have got the freedom in an "utopic city" where they seemed to empower themselves. The campers have got the opportunity to relaxing, and no matter wich camp site they choose, they have their home with them. They can feel like home on any camp site, as they are rather like

The importance of bedding material for health and welfare of dairy cows in cubicle systems : a review

This review highlights the importance of the bedding material for dairy cows in cubicle systems. The aim was to examine how different types of bedding materials affects dairy cow health and welfare in cubicle systems. To answer the questions studies have been gathered in a summary. Dairy cows can suffer from production diseases, such as lameness or mastitis. These diseases are consequences of high milk yields and environmental factors. The choice of housing system, and particularly lying surface and bedding material, is important for the comfort, health and welfare of the cow. In cubicle systems, a combination of a thick mattress and plenty of bedding material create optimal conditions. The cow can adapt to the lying surface and/or bedding materials that are offered but longer resting periods and fewer hock lesions are seen if the cubicles are provided with large amounts of bedding material. Even more important is that the bedding is dry; cows do not want to lie down on wet bedding, which contributes to increased stress for the animals. There are various types of bedding material used in cubicle systems. In Sweden these are straw (usually cut or shredded), sawdust, wood shavings, sand and peat. In recent years recycled dried manure has appeared as an alternative bedding material in Europe. Bedding has several functions. However, bedding materials may also have disadvantages. Some may increase the risk of mastitis, either by containing microbes or stimulating bacterial growth. Mastitis disrupts production and reduces welfare. In order to maximise the cow's welfare, materials that increase the risk of disease and injury should, if possible, not be used. The conclusion based on this review is that different types of bedding materials clearly have pros and cons regarding cowcomfort and health. The choice of bedding material, quantity and quality are important to cow's welfare. Additionally, management routines and lying-place hygiene contribute to cow health which is highlighted in several studies

Outcomes of a Multiprofessional Educational Intervention in Evidence-Based Practice

Background: Education is a commonly used intervention in the development of evidence-based practice (EBP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of an educational intervention on healthcare professionals’ perceived skills in finding, reviewing, and using research evidence in clinical practice. A further aim was to identify potential determinants for the outcome.Methods and Findings: A three-day course in EBP was designed for registered nurses, medical social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and dieticians. The Developing Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (DEBP) questionnaire was administered before and six months after the intervention (N = 274). Non-parametric statistics were used. The results showed an overall effect on ability to find research evidence (p = .0005) and ability to review research evidence (p = .0005), whereas there was no overall effect on use of research evidence in clinical practice (p = .18). However, some subgroups showed a significant improvement over time, for example, those whose profession was nursing or midwifery and those who had experience using evidence-based practice prior to the educational intervention.Conclusions: The results showed that a three-day course in EBP improved the participants’ ability to find and review research evidence, but it did not have an overall effect on the use of research evidence in clinical practice

Validation of the Retinopathy of Prematurity Activity Scale (ROP-ActS) using retrospective clinical data

Acta Ophthalmologica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica Foundation. Purpose: The International Neonatal Consortium recently published a proposed retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) activity scale intended for use in clinical trials after validation. The aim of this study was to validate the ROP activity scale (ROP-ActS) in a ROP screened cohort with protocol based collected data by evaluating the ability of the ROP-Act scores to predict ROP treatment. In addition, we aimed to evaluate the scale’s sensitivity characteristic of disease severity by studying association with gestational age (GA) in comparison with conventionally used ROP stage and zone. Methods: A cohort of 535 preterm infants with 3324 ROP examinations with an end-point of ROP treatment or end of screening in Gothenburg, Sweden, was included. Median GA was 28.1\ua0weeks, 47.5% were girls, and 74 (13.8%) infants were treated for ROP. The validation was performed by estimating probabilities for ROP treatment, and by applying logistic and linear regression. Results: The original ROP-ActS was overall well-ordered with respect to ability to predict ROP treatment but could be improved by re-ordering score 3 (zone II stage 1) and 5 (zone III stage 3) based on our clinical cohort data. The modified ROP-ActS was superior to ROP stage and zone in the prediction analysis of ROP treatment. Modified ROP-ActS was more strongly related to GA than currently used ROP stage, but not zone. Conclusion: In the studied cohort, the modified ROP-ActS could better predict ROP treatment compared to ROP stage and zone. Retinopathy of Prematurity Activity Scale (ROP-ActS) had a superior sensitivity characteristic studied through association to GA than conventionally used ROP stage

Golvvärme i betonggolv : temperaturfördelningsberäkningar : analys av fuktbalans

Den praktiska tillämpningen av de utförda beräkningarna kan sammanfattas i följande punkter: - Den gynnsamma effekten på uttorkning av byggfukt, som erhålles av mineralullsisolering och slopande av ångspärr, kan lnte utnyttjas vid golvvärme annat än möjligen i undantagsfall. Fukttillförseln underifrån riskeras bli a1ltför stor om golvvärmen stängs av mer än 3 - 4 månader för ett ordinärt småhus. - Med cellplastisolerinq kan ångspärren slopas för plattbredder under 15 m, men effekten på erforderlig torktid för byggfukt är liten. - Byggnader med golvvärme i bara en del av byggnaden fordrar alltid en ångspärr i området närmast golvvärmen