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    Anyone up for helping the Fisherman's wife? More solidarity with accidental misery than with man-made misery

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    We examine the willingness to donate depending on whether “misery” is random generated or self-inflicted by too high demands in bilateral negotiations. We find that randomness has a positive influence on the total amount of donation. In case of self-inflicted “misery” we observe that the subject who may have caused the unfavourable situation receives significantly less than the perceived innocent subject.altruism, bargaining experiment

    Bildungsinterventionen und Arbeitsmarkterfolge

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    1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Contribution of this Thesis 2 Estimating Heterogeneous Returns to Education 11 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Education in Germany 2.3 Relevant literature 2.4 Estimation approach 2.4.1 Econometric model 2.4.2 Implementation 2.5 Data 2.6 Results 2.7 Robustness checks 2.8 Conclusion Tables 3 Job Information Centers and Labor Market Outcomes 45 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Related Literature 3.3 Job Information Centers: Description, Survey Evidence, and Development over Time 3.3.1 Description, Aims, and Institutional Background 3.3.2 Existing Survey Evidence 3.3.3 Development of Job Information Centers over Time and across Regions 3.4 Data, Variables and Descriptive Statistics 3.4.1 Datasets 3.4.2 Outcome Measures and Treatment Variable 3.4.3 Sample Selection and Descriptive Statistics 3.5 Estimation Method 3.6 Results 3.7 Timing of the Opening of Job Information Centers and Common Trend Assumptions 3.8 Sensitivity Checks 3.9 Conclusions Figures and Tables 4 The Effects of Internships on Labor Market Outcomes 85 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data, Variables, and Descriptive Statistics 4.3 Estimation Method 4.4 Results 4.5 Aspects of Identification 4.5.1 Differences in Quality of Universities and Study Programs 4.5.2 Variation in Mandatory Internships over Time 4.5.3 Impact of Potential Confounders 4.5.4 Self-Selection into Mandatory Internships 4.6 Heterogeneous Effects 4.7 Transmission Mechanisms 4.8 Robustness Checks 4.9 Conclusions Figures and Tables 5 Concluding Remarks 5.1 Summary and Conclusions 5.2 Limitations and Future Research Appendices A.1 Appendix of Chapter 2 A.1.1 The Klein and Vella (2010) Approach A.1.2 Graphical Analyses of Heteroskedasticity A.2 Appendix of Chapter 3 A.3 Appendix of Chapter 4 Bibliography List of Tables List of Figures English Summary (Abstracts) German SummaryPaper 1: Estimating Heterogeneous Returns to Education in Germany via Conditional Heteroskedasticity In this paper I investigate the causal returns to education for different educational groups in Germany by employing a method by Klein and Vella (2010) that bases identification on the presence of conditional heteroskedasticity. Compared to IV methods, key advantages of this approach are unbiased estimates in the absence of instruments and parameter interpretation that is not bounded to local average treatment effects. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (GSOEP) I find that the causal return to education is 8 percent for the entire sample, 1.1 percent for graduates from the basic school track and 8.3 percent for graduates from a higher school track. Across these groups the endogeneity bias in simple OLS regressions varies significantly. This confirms recent evidence in the literature on Germany. Various robustness checks support the findings. Paper 2: The Effect of Occupational Knowledge: Job Information Centers and Labor Market Outcomes This study examines the causal link between individuals' occupational knowledge, educational choices, and labor market outcomes. We proxy occupational knowledge with mandatory visits to job information centers (JICs) in Germany while still attending school. Exogenous variation in the location of JICs and timing of when they opened makes it possible to estimate causal effects in a difference-in-difference setup. Combining linked survey- administrative data with the data on JICs allows us to detect whether individuals benefited from the comprehensive information service when they were young. The results suggest that individuals, who went to school in administrative districts with a JIC, have higher educational attainments and a smoother transfer to the labor market than students who did not have access to these facilities. However, we find no positive effects on individuals' earnings in their first job or later in life. Overall, our results tend to confirm the importance of policies that promote occupational knowledge among youths and young adults. Paper 3: Door Opener or Waste of Time? The Effects of Internships on Labor Market Outcomes This paper studies the causal effect of student internship experience on labor market choices and wages later in life. We use variation in the introduction and abolishment of mandatory internships at German universities as an instrument for completing an internship while attending university. Employing longitudinal data from graduate surveys, we find positive and significant wage returns of about six percent in both OLS and IV regressions. This result is mainly driven by a higher propensity of working full-time and a lower propensity of being unemployed in the first five years after entering the labor market. Moreover, former interns pursue doctoral studies less frequently. The positive returns are particularly pronounced for individuals and areas of study that are characterized by a weak labor market orientation. Heterogeneous effects are not found across other subgroups of the population.Die vorliegende Dissertation ist ein Beitrag zur empirischen Arbeitsmarktökonomik. Sie beinhaltet drei Studien, die sich mit der Wirkung bildungspolitischer Interventionen auf den Arbeitsmarkterfolg von Individuen beschĂ€ftigen. Den gemeinsamen Ausgangspunkt dieser Studien bildet die GegenĂŒberstellung von zwei Beobachtungen: Erstens ist formale Bildung eine SchlĂŒsseldeterminante von Löhnen und Arbeitslosigkeit. In einfachen Korrelationen gilt der statistische Zusammenhang: je höher der Bildungsabschluss, desto höher das individuelle Lohneinkommen und desto geringer die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Arbeitslosigkeit betroffen zu sein. Zweitens sind Investitionen in Bildung mit Kosten und die ErtrĂ€ge dieser Investitionen mit Risiken verbunden. Die Humankapitaltheorie und die Signaltheorie zeigen, dass die Maxime "Je mehr Bildung, desto besser" nicht fĂŒr jeden gilt. Denn in seiner Eigenschaft als Investition werden Bildungsentscheidungen zum Ergebnis eines Optimierungsproblems, dessen Lösung fĂŒr unterschiedliche Individuen unterschiedlich ausfĂ€llt. Der Grund hierfĂŒr liegt in persönlichen Eigenschaften, die sowohl die Kosten des Bildungserwerbs als auch die ErtrĂ€ge auf dem Arbeitsmarkt bestimmen. FĂŒr Individuen ist die Lösung dieses Optimierungsproblems oft schwierig, denn es kann erhebliche Unsicherheit ĂŒber die zu erwartenden ErtrĂ€ge bestehen. Vor dem Hintergrund der starken Wirkungskraft von Bildung fĂŒr den beruflichen Erfolg ist eine Kenntnis der Bildungsrenditen fĂŒr individuelle EntscheidungstrĂ€ger jedoch außerordentlich wichtig. Und auch politische EntscheidungstrĂ€ger haben ein Interesse an der Kenntnis von Bildungsrenditen, da diese hĂ€ufig zur BegrĂŒndung von wirtschafts- und bildungspolitischen Maßnahmen herangezogen werden. Diese Gleichzeitigkeit von der BedeutungsstĂ€rke von Bildung einerseits und der Unsicherheit ihrer ErtrĂ€ge andererseits hat eine Vielzahl von empirischen Studien angestoßen, deren Ziel die Quantifizierung von Bildungsrenditen ist. Dieses Vorhaben ist jedoch von der grundlegenden Komplikation betroffen, dass SchĂ€tzungen unter statistischer EndogenitĂ€t leiden können und unter diesen UmstĂ€nden keine Aussagen ĂŒber KausalzusammenhĂ€nge ermöglichen. Einen Ausweg bieten natĂŒrliche Experimente, die dem SchĂ€tzmodell exogene Variation zufĂŒhren und unter Zuhilfenahme geeigneter statistischer Verfahren die Berechnung von Kausaleffekten ermöglichen. Dieser Technik bedienen sich auch die Studien der vorliegenden Dissertation. Die Dissertation besteht aus drei Studien in der Form von eigenstĂ€ndigen Artikeln. Sie behandeln individuelle Entscheidungen aus den Bereichen sekundĂ€re und tertiĂ€re Bildung, Berufswahl und Berufspraktika. Jeder Artikel schließt eine LĂŒcke in der bestehenden Literatur hinsichtlich Forschungsfrage, methodischem Vorgehen oder einer Kombination aus beidem

    Anyone Up for Helping the Fisherman's Wife? More Solidarity with Accidental Misery than with Man-Made Misery

    No full text
    We experimentally examine the willingness to donate depending on whether „misery" has been randomly generated or self-inflicted by too high demands in bilateral negotiations. We find that randomness has a positive influence on the total amount of the donation. In the case of self-inflicted „misery", we observe that the subject who may be perceived to have caused the unfavourable situation receives significantly less than the supposedly innocent subject

    Interventions to improve the labour market outcomes of youth: A systematic review of training, entrepreneurship promotion, employment services and subsidized employment interventions

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