DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANDIBULLAR MOVEMENTS ON ATHLETES WITH INJURIES TO THE STOMATHOGNATIC SYSTEM AND ATHLETES WITHOUT SUCH INJURIES

Sve veća popularnost športa i vježbanja, pored zdravstvene koristi, dovodi i do većeg broja ozljeda, a dio tih ozljeda otpada na ozljede stomatognatog sustava. Prema podacima iz literature, ozljede stomatognatog sustava tijekom športa su česte, ali relativno lagane. Traume stomatognatog sustava mogu prouzročiti promjene u odnosima zglobnih tijela temporomandibularnih zglobova, odnosno promijeniti kretnje kondila. Svrha ovog istraživanja je ustanoviti postoje li razlike u kretnjama kondila temporomandibularnih zglobova, a time i mandibule kod športaša koji su zadobili udarac (markotraumu) u lice i športaša koji nisu zadobili udarac u lice tijekom karijere. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 132 športaša; od toga 84 špotaša koji su zadobili udarac u lice i 48 športaša koji nisu zadobili udarac u lice. Športaši koji su zadobili udarac u lice, odmah poslije udarca imali su ukočenost/bol žvačnih mišića, bol u području temporomandibularnih zglobova i limitaciju kretnji mandibule. Nakon nekoliko dana ili tjedana svi simptomi su prvobitno umanjeni, a potom su u potpunosti nestali. U vrijeme istraživanja svi športaši bili su bez simptoma temporomandibularnih promjena prema protokolu RDC/TMD i u potpunosti su zadovoljni funkcijom svojeg stomatognatog sustava tj. nisu imali nikakve subjektivne ili objektivne simptome disfunkcije. Pomoću ultrazvučnog uređaja ARCUSDigma (KaVO, Bieberach an den Ries, Njemačka) svim športašima registrirane su kretnje kondila i protetske simfize. Rezultati ukazuju da športaši koji su zadobili udarac u lice imaju promjene u putanjama kretnji temporomandibularnih zglobova. Športaši koji su preživjeli makrotraumu imaju promjene u kretnjama temporomandibularnog zgloba na strani udarca u vidu limitacije kretnje tijekom protruzije, mediotruzije, laterotruzije i retruzije. Kontralateralni zglob ima veći raspon kretnji protruzije i mediotruzije od prosječnog. To ukazuje na djelovanje kompenzatornog mehanizma stomatognatog sustava koji omogućuje normalno funkcioniranje bez simptoma disfunkcije. Prilikom rekonstruktivnih zahvata kod športaša koji su dobili udarac u lice na desnoj ili lijevoj strani, ukoliko se uzimaju prosječne vrijednosti za programiranje artikulatora, dolazi do stvaranja jatrogenih interferenci koje mogu prouzročiti disfunkciju stomatognatog sustava. Prevenirati i/ili smanjiti broj stomatognatih ozljeda moguće je korištenjem individualnih štitnika za zube. Potrebno je, također, potaknuti edukaciju i informiranost o štitnicima za zube športaša, ali i trenera, roditelja i doktora dentalne medicine kako bi se postotak korištenja štitnika za zube povećao.Objective: The increased popularity of sports and exercising, apart from being beneficial to health, also results in a larger number of injuries, a part of which are also injuries to the stomatognathic system. According to the data from literature orofacial injuries during sports activities are frequent, but relatively minor. Trauma to the stomatognathic system can cause morphological malformation to the parts of temporomandibular joints. Such changes will differ paths and values of condylar movements. Purpose of this investigation is to determine differences between movements of the temporomandibular joints, thereby mandibular movements, in group of athletes who get blow in the face (micro trauma) and athletes who did not get blow to the face in sports career. Methods: The sample consisted of 132 athletes, 84 was athletes who get blow to the face and 48 was who didn’t get blow to the face. Athletes with anamnestic blow to the jaws, immediately after injury, they have had stiffness/pain of masticatory muscles, pain in region of TMJ, and limitation of jaw movements. All symptoms diminished and finally were gone after some days or weeks after injury. In time of investigation all of them were completely without any symptom of temporomandibular dysfunction according to RDC/TMD protocol, and were completely satisfied with function of the stomatognathic system. To all athletes ultrasound device ARCUSdigma (KaVO, Bieberach an den Ries, Germany) was used for tracing movements of mandibular condyle, mandibular movements at the point of mandibular incisors and tracing the paths of movements. Results: The results indicate that athletes who sustained a blow to the face have changes in the paths of movement of temporomandibular joints. Athletes who survived the macro trauma have changes in the path of temporomandibular joints on the impact side, in terms limitation of the path movements in protrusion, mediotrusion, laterotrusion and retrusion. The contralateral joint has a greater range of the path of protrusion and mediotrusion than average. Conclusions: Revealed results suggests that athletes who have had a macro trauma on the one side, joint of that side have limitation of movement, while the contralateral joint has a greater range of protrusion and mediotrusion than average. This suggests the action of compensatory mechanisms of stomatognathic system that allows normal function of the system without any symptoms of temporomandibular joints and/or dysfunction of the system. If reconstructive procedure is need to athletes who get blow to the right or left side of face, and if taking the average value, can cause introduction of the interferences that lead to dysfunction of the entire stomatognathic system. It is possible to prevent injuries to the stomatognathic system or to reduce severity of injuries by wearing individual intraoral custom-fabricated mouthguards. It is therefore necessary to encourage more education and provide more information on mouthguards for athletes, but also for trainers, parents and doctor of dental medicine in order to increase their usage

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANDIBULLAR MOVEMENTS ON ATHLETES WITH INJURIES TO THE STOMATHOGNATIC SYSTEM AND ATHLETES WITHOUT SUCH INJURIES

Sve veća popularnost športa i vježbanja, pored zdravstvene koristi, dovodi i do većeg broja ozljeda, a dio tih ozljeda otpada na ozljede stomatognatog sustava. Prema podacima iz literature, ozljede stomatognatog sustava tijekom športa su česte, ali relativno lagane. Traume stomatognatog sustava mogu prouzročiti promjene u odnosima zglobnih tijela temporomandibularnih zglobova, odnosno promijeniti kretnje kondila. Svrha ovog istraživanja je ustanoviti postoje li razlike u kretnjama kondila temporomandibularnih zglobova, a time i mandibule kod športaša koji su zadobili udarac (markotraumu) u lice i športaša koji nisu zadobili udarac u lice tijekom karijere. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 132 športaša; od toga 84 špotaša koji su zadobili udarac u lice i 48 športaša koji nisu zadobili udarac u lice. Športaši koji su zadobili udarac u lice, odmah poslije udarca imali su ukočenost/bol žvačnih mišića, bol u području temporomandibularnih zglobova i limitaciju kretnji mandibule. Nakon nekoliko dana ili tjedana svi simptomi su prvobitno umanjeni, a potom su u potpunosti nestali. U vrijeme istraživanja svi športaši bili su bez simptoma temporomandibularnih promjena prema protokolu RDC/TMD i u potpunosti su zadovoljni funkcijom svojeg stomatognatog sustava tj. nisu imali nikakve subjektivne ili objektivne simptome disfunkcije. Pomoću ultrazvučnog uređaja ARCUSDigma (KaVO, Bieberach an den Ries, Njemačka) svim športašima registrirane su kretnje kondila i protetske simfize. Rezultati ukazuju da športaši koji su zadobili udarac u lice imaju promjene u putanjama kretnji temporomandibularnih zglobova. Športaši koji su preživjeli makrotraumu imaju promjene u kretnjama temporomandibularnog zgloba na strani udarca u vidu limitacije kretnje tijekom protruzije, mediotruzije, laterotruzije i retruzije. Kontralateralni zglob ima veći raspon kretnji protruzije i mediotruzije od prosječnog. To ukazuje na djelovanje kompenzatornog mehanizma stomatognatog sustava koji omogućuje normalno funkcioniranje bez simptoma disfunkcije. Prilikom rekonstruktivnih zahvata kod športaša koji su dobili udarac u lice na desnoj ili lijevoj strani, ukoliko se uzimaju prosječne vrijednosti za programiranje artikulatora, dolazi do stvaranja jatrogenih interferenci koje mogu prouzročiti disfunkciju stomatognatog sustava. Prevenirati i/ili smanjiti broj stomatognatih ozljeda moguće je korištenjem individualnih štitnika za zube. Potrebno je, također, potaknuti edukaciju i informiranost o štitnicima za zube športaša, ali i trenera, roditelja i doktora dentalne medicine kako bi se postotak korištenja štitnika za zube povećao.Objective: The increased popularity of sports and exercising, apart from being beneficial to health, also results in a larger number of injuries, a part of which are also injuries to the stomatognathic system. According to the data from literature orofacial injuries during sports activities are frequent, but relatively minor. Trauma to the stomatognathic system can cause morphological malformation to the parts of temporomandibular joints. Such changes will differ paths and values of condylar movements. Purpose of this investigation is to determine differences between movements of the temporomandibular joints, thereby mandibular movements, in group of athletes who get blow in the face (micro trauma) and athletes who did not get blow to the face in sports career. Methods: The sample consisted of 132 athletes, 84 was athletes who get blow to the face and 48 was who didn’t get blow to the face. Athletes with anamnestic blow to the jaws, immediately after injury, they have had stiffness/pain of masticatory muscles, pain in region of TMJ, and limitation of jaw movements. All symptoms diminished and finally were gone after some days or weeks after injury. In time of investigation all of them were completely without any symptom of temporomandibular dysfunction according to RDC/TMD protocol, and were completely satisfied with function of the stomatognathic system. To all athletes ultrasound device ARCUSdigma (KaVO, Bieberach an den Ries, Germany) was used for tracing movements of mandibular condyle, mandibular movements at the point of mandibular incisors and tracing the paths of movements. Results: The results indicate that athletes who sustained a blow to the face have changes in the paths of movement of temporomandibular joints. Athletes who survived the macro trauma have changes in the path of temporomandibular joints on the impact side, in terms limitation of the path movements in protrusion, mediotrusion, laterotrusion and retrusion. The contralateral joint has a greater range of the path of protrusion and mediotrusion than average. Conclusions: Revealed results suggests that athletes who have had a macro trauma on the one side, joint of that side have limitation of movement, while the contralateral joint has a greater range of protrusion and mediotrusion than average. This suggests the action of compensatory mechanisms of stomatognathic system that allows normal function of the system without any symptoms of temporomandibular joints and/or dysfunction of the system. If reconstructive procedure is need to athletes who get blow to the right or left side of face, and if taking the average value, can cause introduction of the interferences that lead to dysfunction of the entire stomatognathic system. It is possible to prevent injuries to the stomatognathic system or to reduce severity of injuries by wearing individual intraoral custom-fabricated mouthguards. It is therefore necessary to encourage more education and provide more information on mouthguards for athletes, but also for trainers, parents and doctor of dental medicine in order to increase their usage

Orofacial Injuries Reported by Junior and Senior Basketball Players

The increased popularity of sports, apart from being beneficial to health, also results in a larger number of injuries, a part of which are also injuries to the stomatognatic system. According to the data from literature orofacial injuries in basketball are frequent, but relatively minor. The World Dental Federation places basketball into the category of medium- risk sports for the occurrence of injuries to the stomatognatic system. The purpose of this investigation was to determine incidence, type and severity of orofacial injuries during basketball and the frequent of the mouthguard use in a selected sample of basketball players from the City of Zagreb and the Zagreb County. The sample consists of 195 athletes who actively participate in basketball, 61 junior and 134 senior players. A total of 2 615 injuries to the stomatognatic system were documented in this research, 529 (20.2%) of those refer to juniors and 2 086 (79.8%) to seniors. The most common injuries are lacerations and contusions of soft tissue 84.4% (21.5% juniors and 78.5% seniors), followed by temporomandibular joint injuries and oral muscles stiffness 13.4% (14.9% juniors and 85.1% seniors) and 2.2% dental injuries (3.5% juniors and 96.5% seniors). Only 6.7% of players (13 players – 2 juniors and 11 seniors) have tried to wear a mouthguard, while only one 1% of them (2 players – one junior and one senior) frequently used it. Total number of injuries shows that sports injuries are common during basketball. Average number of almost 4 injuries per player is relatively high. Dental injuries and temporomandibular joint injuries and oral muscles stiffness are relatively rare, only 16%. Lacerations and contusions of soft tissues represent 84% of all injuries and that minor injuries do not require professional care

OROFACIAL INJURIES REPORTED BY PROFESSIONAL AND NON-PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYERS IN ZAGREB AND ZAGREB COUNTY

Background: Injuries are common during sport activities, a part of which is also injuries to the stomatognathic system. According to the data from literature orofacial injuries are frequent, but relatively minor. World Dental Federation has listed basketball as a medium-risk sport in sustaining orofacial injuries. The purpose of this investigation was to determine incidence, type and severity of orofacial injuries during basketball and frequents of mouthguard use. Subject and methods: The sample consisted of 195 athletes who actively participate in basketball, 60 amateurs/non-professional and 135 professionals. Results: A total of 2 265 injuries to the stomatognathic system were documented in this research; 200 (8.8%) of those injuries refer to the non-professionals and 2 065 (91.2%) to the professionals. The most common injuries are lacerations and contusions of soft tissue (a total of 2 208 or 97.5%), followed by dental injuries (a total of 57 or 2.5%). Out of all recorded laceration injuries 59.8% lacerations of soft tissue occurred during practice (12.6% amateurs and 87.4% professionals), while 40.2% of them occurred during games (2.5% amateurs and 97.5% professionals). Of a total of 57 dental injuries recorded during an athletes career, in 78.9% it were the professionals who suffered an injury, and in 21.1% of them the amateurs. Out of a total of 195 basketball players only 1% (2 players - one professional and one amateur) frequently used mouthguard during practice and games, while 93.3% of them never tried to wear a mouthguard. Such low percentage of mouthguard use in basketball players reflects poor awareness and education of athletes and coaches, as well as insufficient role of dentists in education. Conclusions: Orofacial injuries during basketball are not severe (80% lacerations), and therefore do not stimulate the use of a protecting devices even their use will totally diminish this type of injuries

Slide in Centric on a Random Sample of Students of the School of Medicine in Split

Introduction: A slide in centric is defined as a slide from centric relation to maximum intercuspation. Understanding contact between natural teeth is important for longevity of the stomatognathic system, diagnosis and therapy planning. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in the length of slide in centric in population according to dental status, sex and previous orthodontic therapy. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on a sample of 33 students at the University of Split, School of Medicine (dental study). Results: Slide values do not follow normal or Gaussian distribution according to the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (p<0.05). For that reason, they were represented by the median as a measure of central tendency. The arithmetic mean of a slide in centric is 0.95 mm ± 0.47 mm. A slide in centric was not present in only 10% of the subjects. A slide between 0.5 mm and 1.5 mm to maximum intercuspation was present in 90% of the examinees. There was no statistically significant difference in the length of slide between the subjects who had all teeth and those who had missing teeth 1-4 (z= 0.507; p= 0.612). There was no significant difference in the length of slide between women and men (z= 0, p=1). There was no significant difference in the length of slide between the patients who underwent orthodontic therapy and those who did not (z=0.253; p=0.800). Conclusion: There is some controversy about slide in centric and its etiological role in the development of temporomandibular disorders. Slide in centric is very significant because it indicates occlusal instability and can eventually lead to temporomandibular dysfunction, which do not have to be of the same aetiology

Differences in Movement of Temporomandibular Joints in Athletes With and Without Orofacial Injuries

All sporting activities have an associated risk of orofacial injuries due to falls, collisions with players, devices, and hard surfaces. The purpose of this investigation was to determine is there alteration of condylar path and frontal guidance values in athletes with and without orofacial injuries. The sample consists of 34 athletes who were divided into two groups (Control and Examines group). "Control group" consists of 11 athletes without data of macrotrauma of the stomatognatic system (athletes who didn’t get blow to the face). The second group is "Examines group" witch consists of 23 athletes with macrotrauma (athletes who get blow to the face), 11 of them were athletes with macrotrauma on the right side of jaw and 12 of them were athletes with macrotrauma on the left side of jaw. Athletes with anamnestic blow to the jaws, immediately after injury, have had stiffness/pain of masticatory muscles, pain in region of TMJ, and limitation of jaw movements. But all symptoms diminished and finally were gone after some days or weeks after injury. In time of investigation all of them were completely without any symptom of temporomandibular dysfunction according to RDC/TMD protocol, and were completely satisfied with function of their stomatognathic system. Athletes with macrotrauma have limitation of Bennett angle on the one side while on the opposite side Bennett angle is larger than the average values given in literature. As conclusion, if athletes with macrotrauma need prosthetic therapy, without individual articulator adjustment, prosthodontics work can cause iatrogenic interference. That interference during time may cause temporomandibular dysfunction. All patients need individual approach to their stomatognatic system, and only in that way damage to the system can be avoided

Comparison of Three Prosthodontic Treatment Modalities for Patients with Periodontally Compromised Anterior Mandibular Teeth: A 2-year follow-up study

Svrha: Željelo se procijeniti žvačnu funkciju i kvalitetu života ovisnu o oralnom zdravlju (OHRQoL) pacijentima starije dobi nakon triju različitih vrsta protetičke terapije u donjoj čeljusti – korištenja djelomičnih proteza dugačkih sedala (skupina PP-DP), potpunih proteza (skupina PP) ili potpunih pokrovnih proteza retiniranih na minidentalnim implantatima (skupina PP-MDI). Na početku terapije svi su pacijenti imali pomične samo donje prednje zube (1 mm ili >), a stražnja regija donje čeljusti bila je bezuba. Pacijenti su bili potpuno bezubi u gornjoj čeljusti. Nakon terapije svi su pozvani na kontrolni pregled i to tri mjeseca nakon protetičke rehabilitacije (razdoblje prilagodbe) i zatim poslije dvije godine. Materijali i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 176 pacijenata (skupina PP – n = 68; skupina PP-DP – n = 58; skupina PP-MDI – n = 50). Žvačna funkcija procijenjena je s pomoću upitnika žvačne funkcije (CFQ), a OHRQoL upitnikom OHIP 14. Upitnike su pacijenti ispunjavali prije terapije, tri mjeseca nakon terapije (završena prilagodba) i dvije godine nakon terapije. Rezultati: OHRQoL i žvačna funkcija značajno su se poboljšali nakon terapije u svim trima skupinama pacijenata (p < 0,01). Najveće poboljšanje žvačne funkcije ustanovljeno je u skupini PP-MDI. Nakon terapije OHRQoL je bio značajno bolji u skupini PP-MDI u odnosu prema skupini PP (p < 0,01). Nakon dvije godine žvačna funkcija u skupini PP-MDI još se dodatno značajno poboljšala, a pogoršanje je utvrđeno u skupinama PP i PP-DP (p < 0,01). Isti rezultati zabilježeni su i za OHRQoL. Najveći broj reparatura proteza i dodatnih prilagodbi obavljen je u skupini PP-DP. Zaključak: Uz ograničenja ovog istraživanja, protetička rehabilitacija pokrovnim protezama koje su retinirane minidentalnim implantatima može se smatrati boljom terapijskom opcijom, uz trajno poboljšanje OHRQoL-a i žvačne funkcije, u odnosu prema terapiji s donjim potpunim protezama ili donjim djelomičnim protezama na preostalim pomičnim prednjim zubima.Objectives: To prospectively assess self-perceived chewing function (CF) and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in geriatric patients after receiving three different treatment modalities in the mandible: removable partial denture (CD-RPD), complete denture (CDs), or complete overdenture supported by mini dental implants (CD-MDI). At baseline, all patients had mobile anterior teeth (1 mm or >) and missing posterior teeth in the mandible. Patients were completely edentulous in the maxilla. After treatment, patients were recalled at the 3-month and the 2-year post-treatment period. Materials and Methods: A total of 176 patients participated (CD group, n=68; CD-RPD group, n=58; CDMDI group, n=50). Self-reported CF was assessed using the Chewing Function questionnaire (CFQ), The OHRQoL was evaluated using the OHIP14 questionnaire, which the patients completed 1. before treatment, 2. three months after treatment, and 3. at the 2-year post-treatment stage. Results: The OHRQoL and the self-perceived CF significantly improved in all groups after treatment (p<0.01). The highest improvement of a CF was recorded in the CD-MDI group. The OHRQoL was significantly higher in the CD-MDI group in comparison to the CDs group after treatment (p<0.01). At the 2-year post-treatment stage, self-perceived CF significantly further improved in the CD-MDI group, while it worsened in the CD and the CD-RPD groups (p<0.01). The same pattern was recorded for the OHIP14 summary scores. The highest amount of denture repairs and adjustments was recorded in the CDRPD group, although maintenance was also demanding in the CD-MDI group. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, rehabilitation with mandibular MDI retained overdenture can be considered as preferred treatment with the constant improvement of OHRQoL and a chewing function in comparison to mandibular CD or mandibular RPD option in patients with mobile anterior mandibular teeth

To Bundle Or Not To Bundle: Luxury Villa Pricing Strategies That Attract Customers

In this research, the main focus is on the pricing strategies of luxury villas in Montenegro, specifically in southern part of Montenegro. The research conducted was twofold. The first part of the research was content analysis, a specifical analysis of current offers, and pricing for villas in three Montenegrin cities Tivat, Kotor, and Herceg Novi. The second part of the research was a survey administered to potential guests of a hypothetical property, a luxury villa, investigating guest preferences in villa pricing strategies. Prices were set utilizing the insights from the noted market analysis. Results suggest that guests prefer bundled offers, where they would pay a fixed price of a villa per night, and an additional mandatory villa per, per person. The market research also revealed the need for revenue management in Montenegro, since many villa owners did not differentiate prices throughout the year. Revenue management is something that is implemented in many industries nowadays and it has a great impact on revenue streams. Airlines and hotels are just pioneers of revenue management implementation. However, a la carte pricing in private accommodation is not researched or investigated in depth

Kinetics of dimerization of monomers and dissociation of dimers of p-halogenonitrosobenzenes in solid state

U ovom radu je istražena kinetika reakcija dimerizacije p-jod- i p-klornitrozobenzena te disocijacije E-dimera p-jodnitrozobenzena u čvrstom stanju. p-Jod- i p-klornitrozobenzen pripravljeni su oksidacijom odgovarajućih amino derivata mehanokemijski odnosno u otopini. E-dimer p-jodnitrozobenzena pripravljen je kristalizacijom iz otopine. Kinetika dimerizacije p-jod- i p-klornitrozobenzena istražena je nakon fotodisocijacije dimera u KBr pastili pri kriogenim uvjetima. Također je istražena mogućnost dimerizacije p-klornitrozobenzena nakon kriogene depozicije para monomera na pločicu cezijeva jodida. Kinetike reakcija dimerizacije i disocijacije praćene su pri različitim temperaturama vremenski razlučenom IR spektroskopijom. Iz temperaturne ovisnosti koeficijenata brzina reakcija određeni su aktivacijski parametri za reakciju dimerizacije monomera i disocijacije dimera phalogennitrozobenzena.In this work, kinetics of dimerization reactions of p-iodo- and p-chloronitrosobenzene and dissociation of E-dimer of p-iodonitrosobenzene in solid state were studied. p-Iodo- and p-chloronitrosobenzene were prepared by oxidation of corresponding amino derivatives by mechanochemical synthesis and in a solution. E-dimer of p-iodonitrosobenzene was prepared by crystallization from the solution. Kinetics of dimerization of p-iodo- and pchloronitrosobenzene was investigated after photodissociation of dimers in KBr pellet under cryogenic conditions. In addition, the possibility of dimerization of p-chloronitrosobenzene after cryogenic deposition of monomer molecules on the cesium iodide surface was studied. Kinetics of dimerization and dissociation reactions were followed at different temperatures by using time-resolved IR spectroscopy. From the temperature dependence of the reaction rate constants, the activation parameters for the reaction of dimerization of monomers and dissociation of dimers of p-halogenonitrosobenzenes were estimated

To Bundle Or Not To Bundle: Luxury Villa Pricing Strategies That Attract Customers

In this research, the main focus is on the pricing strategies of luxury villas in Montenegro, specifically in southern part of Montenegro. The research conducted was twofold. The first part of the research was content analysis, a specifical analysis of current offers, and pricing for villas in three Montenegrin cities Tivat, Kotor, and Herceg Novi. The second part of the research was a survey administered to potential guests of a hypothetical property, a luxury villa, investigating guest preferences in villa pricing strategies. Prices were set utilizing the insights from the noted market analysis. Results suggest that guests prefer bundled offers, where they would pay a fixed price of a villa per night, and an additional mandatory villa per, per person. The market research also revealed the need for revenue management in Montenegro, since many villa owners did not differentiate prices throughout the year. Revenue management is something that is implemented in many industries nowadays and it has a great impact on revenue streams. Airlines and hotels are just pioneers of revenue management implementation. However, a la carte pricing in private accommodation is not researched or investigated in depth