Mogućnosti ublažavanja utjecaja mliječnih preživača na okoliš

Livestock industry, with dairy sector as one of the fastest growing, largely contributes to the atmospheric/soil pollution and greenhouse gases emissions (i.e. methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrous oxide) on the global scale. The goal of this paper is to present a short synthesis of published scientific works aiming to reduce dairy ruminants’ environmental footprint by mitigating land degradation, water pollution and depletion, and greenhouse gasses emissions (GHG) by implementing novel nutritional, biotechnological, microbiological, animal management, and manure management strategies. In order to mitigate land degradation, suggested strategies include the introduction and adjustment of grazing fees and lease rents, and addressing pollution by establishing a “provider gets - polluter pays”. Improving water use efficiency is the most important in animal feed production. Contamination of water with microorganisms and parasites from manure should be prevented to avoid a public health hazards. With respect to methane and nitrous oxide emissions, the most common nutritional strategy for mitigating GHG emissions is using forages with lower fiber and higher soluble carbohydrates content or grazing less mature pastures. Although many of feed additives (organic acids, secondary plant components, and lipids) can be effective to some extent in reducing rumen methanogenesis, much in vivo research is still needed to clarify which amounts and combinations of additives are the most effective in mitigating methane emission. In order to successfully respond to the increasing global demand for raw milk and milk products, the dairy industry will have to mitigate future negative impacts on the environment, modifying the current production systems, and maintain at the same time high quality of final products at an economic price acceptable for the consumers.Stočarska proizvodnja, osobito mliječni sektor kao jedan od najbrže rastućih, u velikoj mjeri doprinosi onečišćenju atmosfere/tla i emisijama stakleničkih plinova (tj. emisiji metana, ugljičnog dioksida i dušičnog dioksida) na globalnoj razini. Cilj ovog rada je dati sažet pregled objavljenih znanstvenih radova na temu istraživanja mogućnosti smanjenja utjecaja mliječnih preživača na okoliš kroz ublažavanje degradacije zemljišta, smanjenje onečišćenja i osiromašenja kvalitete voda te smanjenja emisija stakleničkih plinova (GHG) primjenom suvremenih hranidbenih, biotehnoloških i mikrobioloških strategija, kao i strategija upravljanja farmom te upravljanja otpadnim tvarima na farmi. Kako bi se ublažila degradacija zemljišta, predložene su strategije uvođenja i prilagodbe naknada za ispašu i najamnine te rješavanje onečišćenja uspostavom odnosa “dobavljač dobiva - zagađivač plaća”. Poboljšanje učinkovitosti korištenja vode najvažnije je u proizvodnji stočne hrane. Zagađenje vode mikroorganizmima i parazitima iz stajskog gnoja treba spriječiti kako bi se izbjegla ugroza javnog zdravlja. S obzirom na emisije metana i dušičnog dioksida, najčešća hranidbena strategija za ublažavanje emisija stakleničkih plinova je korištenje krme s nižim sadržajem vlakana i višim sadržajem topljivih ugljikohidrata ili ispašom manje zrelih pašnjaka. Iako mnogi dodaci hrani za životinje (npr. organske kiseline, sekundarne biljne komponente i lipidi) mogu djelovati u određenoj mjeri na smanjenje metanogeneze buraga, još uvijek je potrebno provesti brojna in vivo istraživanja kako bi se pojasnilo koje su količine i kombinacije dodataka najučinkovitije u ublažavanju emisije metana. Da bi se uspješno odgovorilo na povećanu globalnu potražnju za sirovim mlijekom i mliječnim proizvodima, mliječna industrija morat će ublažiti buduće negativne utjecaje na okoliš mijenjajući postojeće proizvodne sustave i istodobno održavajući visoku kvalitetu gotovih proizvoda cjenovno prihvatljivih potrošačima

Fizikalni pokazatelji kakvoće mesa divlje svinje: pregled

For centuries, game meat has been an important source of proteins, vitamins and minerals in the human diet. Interest for game meat during last few decades is increasing, mainly due to lower ecological footprint and a preferred chemical composition in comparison to the meat of domestic animals. In recent years, Europe has been facing an overpopulation of wild boars, which affects the availability of game meat to a wider niche of consumers. Therefore, wild game meat is a great alternative to others red meats and it has a great advantage on the world meat market. Regarding physical parameters of wild boar meat wide range of values can be found depending on analysed muscle type, sex, age, season and/or hunting technique. In general, same as meat of other large game species, wild boar meat is darker (lower L*), more red (higher a*) and colour parameter values can highly vary depending on previously mentioned factors. pH value usually ranges between 5.5 to 5.8, but also variations are often as wild boars have different post-mortem pH decline than domestic pigs. Expected cooking loss of wild boar meat is about 30% and higher, while meat tenderness measured as Warner-Bratzler shear force is usually higher than 40 N.Stoljećima je meso divljači važan izvor bjelančevina, vitamina i minerala u ljudskoj prehrani. Zanimanje za mesom divljači posljednjih je desetljeća u porastu, uglavnom zbog niskog ekološkog otiska i preferiranog kemijskog sastava u usporedbi s mesom domaćih životinja. Posljednjih godina Europa se suočava s porastom populacije divljih svinja, što utječe na dostupnost ovog mesa većem broju potrošača. Stoga je meso divljači izvrsna alternativa crvenom mesu domaćih životinja i ima veliku prednost na svjetskom tržištu mesa. Fizikalni parametri kakvoće mesa divlje svinje mogu poprimiti vrlo različite vrijednosti ovisno o anatomskoj poziciji mišića, spolu, dobi i/ili tehnici lova. Općenito, meso divlje svinje kao i meso drugih vrsta krupne divljači je tamnije (niže vrijednosti parametra boje L*) i crvenije (više vrijednosti parametra boje a*) te vrijednosti parametara boje mogu jako varirati ovisno o prije spomenutim čimbenicima. Obično pH vrijednost mesa divlje svinje je u raspon između 5,5 i 5,8, međutim moguća su veća odstupanja budući da post-mortalni pad pH u divlje svinje nije jednak onome u domaćih svinja. Očekivani kalo kuhanja iznosi oko 30% i više, dok otpor presijecanju kao mjera mekoće mesa obično iznosi više od 40 N

Sezonske promjene sastava obroka utječu na sastav masnih kiselina mlijeka krava Jersey pasmine u ekološkom uzgoju

The aim of this study was to determine effect of diet-based seasonal changes on fatty acid composition of Jersey milk in mountain region of Croatia. Bulk milk samples (200 mL) were collected during total-mixed ratio (TMR)-based, intermediate and pasture-based diet. Fatty acid composition of milk was determined by gas-chromatography. We found that pasture-based diet has positive effect on fatty acid composition of Jersey milk considering human nutrition. During pasture-based diet, Jersey cows produced milk with lower (P<0.05) saturated fatty acid and higher (P<0.05) polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Namely, regarding individual fatty acids, milk produced during pasture-based diet had lower (P<0.05) C16:0 and higher (P<0.05) C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content than milk produced during TMR and intermediate diet. Milk produced during pasture-based diet can be valuable source of healthbeneficial PUFA in diet.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj sezonskih promjena u sastavu obroka na profil masnih kiselina u mlijeku krava Jersey pasmine. Skupni uzorci mlijeka iz laktofriza (200 mL) prikupljeni su tijekom prehrane bazirane na potpuno izmiješanom obroku (TMR), prijelaznog razdoblja sa TMR-a na ispašu i samo ispaše. Profil masnih kiselina je određen plinskom kromatografijom. Utvrđeno je da hranidba bazirana na ispaši ima pozitivan utjecaj na profil masnih kiselina sa stanovišta ljudske prehrane. Tijekom hranidbe bazirane na ispaši u mlijeku Jersey krava utvrđen je manji (P<0,05) udio zasićenih masnih kiselina i veći (P<0,05) sadržaj polinezasićenih masnih kiselina. Naime, što se tiče udjela pojedinačnih masnih kiselina, mlijeko proizvedeno tijekom pašne sezone imalo je manji (P<0,05) udio C16:0 i veći (P<0,05) udio C18:2n-6, C18:3n-6 te CLA masnih kiselina. Mlijeko proizvedeno tijekom pašne sezone može biti vrijedan izvor višestruko nezasićenih masnih kiselina koji imaju poželjan nutritivni učinak

Concentrations of retinol and carotenoids in Jersey milk during different seasons and possible application of the colour parameter as an indicator of milk carotenoid content

Cilj ovog rad bio je utvrditi utjecaj sezone na koncentraciju retinola, β-karotena, luteina i zeaksantina u mlijeku Jersey krava, te njihovu povezanost s pokazateljima boje mlijeka. Krave (n=77) su tijekom šestomjesečnog razdoblja držane u staji i hranjene kompletno miješanim obrokom (TMR; farmska sezona), tijekom tri mjeseca boravile se četiri sata na pašnjaku i ostatak dana u staji te hranjene TMR-om (prijelazna sezona), dok su tri mjeseca cijeli dan držane na paši uz dohranu koncentratom (pašna sezona). U razdoblju od svibnja 2018. do travnja 2019. godine tijekom zadnjeg tjedna svakog mjeseca prikupljani su skupni uzorci mlijeka (200 mL). Koncentracije retinola i karotenoida u mlijeku su kvantificirane primjenom tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti, dok je kemijski sastav mlijeka određen primjenom uređaja MilkoScan FT 120. Sezona je imala značajan (P<0,05) utjecaj na kemijski sastav mlijeka te je najveći (P<0,05) prosječni sadržaj mliječne masti, bjelančevina i bezmasne suhe tvari u mlijeku utvrđen tijekom farmske sezone Prosječne koncentracije (μg/100 mL) retinola, β-karotena, luteina i zeaksantina u mlijeku su iznosile: 2,56±0,29; 4,15±0,27; 4,43±0,40; i 0,97±0,04. Utvrđen je značajan (P<0,05) utjecaj sezone na koncentracije luteina i retinola pri čemu je najveća koncentracija luteina utvrđena je tijekom pašne sezone, dok je najveća koncentracija retinola utvrđena u mlijeku tijekom farmske sezone. Umjerene i pozitivne korelacije (P<0.05) utvrđene su između kon-centracije β-karotena, odnosno koncentracije luteina i b* parametra boje mlijeka što se očituje u žućoj boji mlijeka, odnosno većoj vrijednosti parametra boje b*. Stoga, boja mlijeka može poslužiti u procjeni koncentracije karotena u mlijeku.The aim of this study was to determine concentrations of retinol, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin in Jersey milk during different seasons and their correlation with milk colour parameters. During a sixmonths period the Jersey cows (n=77) were kept free-stall and fed with total mixed ratio (TMR; farm season), for the next three months the cows were kept for four hours on pasture and the rest of the day free-stall fed with TMR (transition season), and for the remaining three months they were kept predominantly on pasture (grazing season). A bulk milk samples (200 mL) were collected during the last week of each month in the period between May 2018 and April 2019. Retinol and carotenoids concentrations in cow milk were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography, while milk chemical composition was analysed by a MilkoScan FT 120 infra-red analyser. The season significantly (P<0.05) affected chemical composition of milk, and the highest (P<0.05) content of milk fat, protein and non-fat dry matter was found during the farm season. Retinol, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations (μg/100 mL) were as follows: 2.56±0.29, 4.15±0.27, 4.43±0.40 and 0.97±0.04. Lutein and retinol concentrations in Jersey milk were affected (P<0.05) by the season. The highest lutein concentration was found during the grazing season, while the farm season yielded the highest retinol concentration. Moderate and positive correlations (P<0.05) were found between β-carotene and lutein concentrations and colour parameter b*, resulting in a more intense yellow colour i.e. high values of colour parameter b*. The obtained results suggest that milk colour could be used to estimate carotenoid concentrations in milk

CHARACTERISTICS OF CATTLE PRODUCTION IN THE SISAČKO-MOSLAVAČKA COUNTY

Sisačko-moslavačka županija smjestila se u južnom dijelu središnjeg dijela Republike Hrvatske i druga je po veličini županija s obzirom na površinu poljoprivrednog zemljišta. Stočarstvo je najvažnija grana poljoprivredne proizvodnje uglavnom vezana za pašno držanje životinja (goveda, konji) na području Lonjskog i Odranskog polja. Govedarstvo čini okosnicu stočarske proizvodnje pri čemu dominira simentalska pasmina. Negativni trendovi u kretanju broja goveda na državnoj razini prisutni su i na navedenom području, a odnose se prvenstveno na pad broja mliječnih i kombiniranih pasmina goveda. Tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća raste zanimanje uzgajivača za uzgoj mesnih pasmina goveda što se očituje porastom broja krava svih čistokrvnih mesnih pasmina uključujući i neke koje se nisu ranije uzgajale na području Sisačko-moslavačke županije (salers i aubrak). Također, broj izvornih pasmina bilježi blagi porast u promatranom razdoblju. Navedene promjene pasminske strukture mogle bi poslužiti kao primjer korištenja prirodnih resursa i pašnjačkih površina i na ostalom području Republike Hrvatske.Sisačko-moslavačka county is located in the southern part of the central part of the Republic of the Croatia as a second largest county in relation to amount of agricultural land. Livestock is the most important branch of agricultural sector, mainly related to grazing animals (cattle, horses) in the area of Lonjsko and Odransko fields. Cattle breeding is the backbone of livestock production, dominated by the Simmental breed. Negative trends in the number of cattle are present in this area, and relate primarily to the decline in the number of dairy and dual purpose breeds. Over the last decade, breeders’ interest in raising beef cattle breeds has grown which is reflected in the increase in the number of cows of all purebred beef cows including some that were not previously bred in Sisak-Moslavina County (salers and aubrak). Also, the number of native breeds a slight increase in the observed period. These changes in the breed structure could serve as an example of the use of natural resources and pastures in the rest of the Republic of Croatia

Udder shape and milk yield of different sheep breeds

Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi zastupljenost pojedinih oblika vimena u triju mliječnih pasmina ovaca uzgajanih u Hrvatskoj, kao i povezanost oblika vimena s proizvodnjom i kemijskim sastavom ovčjeg mlijeka. U tu svrhu istraživanjem je bilo obuhvaćeno 111 paških ovaca, 93 istarske ovce te 80 istočnofrizijskih ovaca. Tijekom razdoblja mužnje u istraživanim stadima provedena je redovita mjesečna kontrola mliječnosti ovaca primjenom AT metode, dok je prosudbu vimena prema obliku u svih ovaca obavila ista osoba jednom tijekom laktacije, i to prilikom provedbe prve kontrole mliječnosti (nakon odvajanja janjadi). U paških ovaca utvrđena su jasno (izražajno) različita četiri oblika ili tipa vimena (tipovi I, II, III i IV), u istarskih ovaca determinirano je postojanje triju oblika vimena (tipovi II, III i IV), dok su u istočnofrizijskih ovaca utvrđena dva oblika vimena (tipovi II i III). U sve tri istraživane pasmine najzastupljenije su bile ovce s vimenom tipa III. Neovisno o pasmini, u ovaca s nisko postavljenim i (gotovo) vertikalno položenim sisama te s jasno izraženom podužnom brazdom između polovica vimena (tipovi vimena III i IV) utvrđena je veća proizvodnja mlijeka nego u ovaca s visoko postavljenim i horizontalno položenim sisama (tipovi vimena I i II). Međutim, utvrđene razlike u proizvodnji mlijeka između ovaca različitog oblika vimena bile su značajne (P<0,05) jedino u istočnofrizijskih ovaca. Najsiromašniji prosječni kemijski sastav mlijeka, bez obzira na pasminu, utvrđen je ovaca (tipova vimena) s najvećom prosječnom proizvodnjom mlijeka.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of individual udder shapes in three dairy sheep breeds, as well as the relationship of udder shape with the production and chemical composition of sheep\u27s milk. For this purpose, the research included 111 Pag sheep, 93 Istrian sheep and 80 East Friesian sheep. During the milking period in all flocks included in the research, milking control was carried out using the AT method, while the udder shape assessment in all studied ewes was carried out by the same person once during lactation when conducting the first milking control (after weaning of lamb(s)). In Pag sheep four distinct forms or types of udder (types I, II, III and IV) were clearly identified, in Istrian sheep the existence of three udder shapes (types II, III and IV) was determined, while in East Friesian sheep were found two udder shapes (type II and III). In all three breeds the most frequent were ewes with the udder type III. in all three breeds, higher production of milk was observed in sheep with low and (almost) vertically positioned teats and with a pronounced longitudinal furrow between the udder halves (udder types III and IV) than in sheep with highly placed and horizontally positioned teats (udder types I and II). However, differences in milk production between sheep of different udder shapes were found to be statistically significant (P<0.05) only in East Friesian sheep. Irrespective to breed, the poorest average milk chemical composition was found in ewes (udder types) with the highest average daily and lactation milk yield

Udder morphology, milk production and udder health in small ruminants

Posljednjih godina povećan je interes za istraživanjem morfologije ovčjeg i kozjeg vimena, ne samo sa stanovišta njegove prikladnosti strojnoj mužnji, već i u pogledu proizvodnje mlijeka i zdravlja mliječne žlijezde. Naime, u stadima visokomliječnih ovaca i koza kao rezultat dugotrajne i jednostrane selekcije na povećanje mliječnosti sve je zamjetnije narušavanje morfologije vimena prvenstveno zbog sve većeg pritiska mase vimena na njegov suspenzorni sustav ligamenata. Navedeno se, uz narušene muzne odlike, negativno odražava na zdravlje vimena, tako da se pojedine morfološke odlike vimena sve češće navode kao čimbenik proizvodne dugovječnosti mliječnih koza. Budući da je namjera uzgajivača (i selekcionara) povećanje mliječnosti ovaca i koza uz zadržavanje poželjne morfologije i zdravlja vimena, cilj je ovog rada je detaljno prikazati dosadašnje spoznaja o povezanosti pojedinih morfoloških odlika vimena s mliječnošću i zdravljem mliječne žlijezde ovaca i koza. Mjere veličine vimena (opseg, širina i dubina vimena) su snažno povezane sa proizvodnjom mlijeka ovaca i koza. Morfološke odlike koje određuju prikladnost vimena strojnoj mužnju (kao što su položaj i kut sisa, dubina vimena, veličina sisa i visina cisterne) su povezane sa zdravljem mliječne žlijezde ovaca i koza. Stoga je učestalost mastitisa zamjetno veća u vimena neprikladnog oblika za strojnu mužnju (duboka i obješena vimena s nepoželjnim položajem sisa, i dr.). Posljedično, morfološke odlike vimena koje imaju utjecaj na muznost ovaca i koza neizravno su povezane i s laktacijskom proizvodnjom mlijeka.In recent years there has been an increasing trend in research of sheep and goat udder morphology, not only from the view of its suitability for machine milking, but also in terms of milk yield and mammary gland health. More precisely, herds consisting of high-yielding sheep and goats as a result of long-term and one-sided selection to increase milk yield, have been characterised by distortion of the udder morphology caused by increasing the pressure of udder weight on its suspensory system. Along with the deteriorated milking traits, which is negatively reflected on the udder health, some udder morphology traits are often emphasized as factor of production longevity of dairy sheep and goats. Since the intention of farmers and breeders nowadays is to increase the milk yield of sheep and goats while maintaining desirable udder morphology and udder health, the aim of this paper is to give a detailed overview of the current knowledge about the relationship of morphological udder traits with milk yield, and the health of the mammary gland of sheep and goats. External measures of udder size (circumference, width and depth of the udder) are strongly correlated with milk production in sheep and goats. The morphological udder traits determining its suitability for machine milking (such as teat position and teat angle, udder depth, teat size, cistern height) are related to the mammary gland health in sheep and goats. Thus, the incidence of mastitis is noticeably higher in the udders of unsuitable shape for machine milking (deep and hung udders, unfavourable position of teats, etc.). Consequently, the morphological udder traits that affect the milkability of sheep and goats are indirectly related to milk yield

THE EFFECT OF CASTRATION ON FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLSTEIN YOUNG BULLS

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj kastracije muške junadi holštajn pasmine na rezultate tova i odlike trupova na liniji klanja. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da su kastrirana junad pri prosječnoj dobi od 420 dana imala značajno manju klaoničku masu, topli randman i kalo hlađenja (P<0,05). Na liniji klanja nije utvrđena značajna razlika u klasi i stupnju zamašćenosti između kastrirane i nekastrirane junadi. Utvrđen je značajno veći (P<0,05) neto dnevni prirast nekastrirane (531,43 g/dan) u odnosu na kastriranu junad (461,38 g/dan). Disekcijom rebrenog isječka na razini od 9. do 11. rebra utvrđen je značajno veći (P<0,01) udio masnog s vezinim te manji udio mišićnog tkiva u kastrirane junadi, dočim je udio kostiju bio podjednak u obje istraživane skupine. Kastrirana junad su na presjeku između 6. i 7. rebra imala značajno veću mramoriranost musculus longissimus dorsia (P<0,05). Rezultati ukazuju na negativan utjecaj kastracije holštajnske junadi na prirast i većinu istraživanih kvalitativnih parametara trupa osim na kalo hlađenja i mramoriranost mesa.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of castration of Holstein young bulls on the fattening results and carcass characteristics at slaughter. Steers at average age of 420 days had significantly lower slaughter weight, hot dressing percentage and chilling loss (P<0.05). Carcass conformation score and carcass fatness were not different between steers and bulls. Bulls had significantly higher (P<0.05) net daily gain (531.43 g/day) compared to steers (461.38 g/day). Dissection of rib clip between 9th and 11th rib showed significantly higher (P <0.01) proportion of fat and connective tissue and lower proportion of muscle tissue in steers, while the proportion of bone was similar in both studied groups. It was found that steers had significantly higher marbling of the musculus longissimus dorsi at the intersection between 6th and 7th ribs (P <0.05). These results indicate the negative effect of castration of Holstein bulls on daily gain and most of the studied parameters except the chilling loss and marbling in meat

Characteristics of calves rearing in northern Croatia

The aim of this study was to investigate characteristics of calves rearing technologies at family farms in northern Croatia (Varazdin and Medjumurje County). Calves up to eight weeks of age at family farms in Varazdin County were kept mostly tied (57.7%). After eight weeks of age, calves in both analysed Counties are dominantly kept tied. First colostrums ration was given to calves within first three hours after calving, i.e. on 99.2% of analysed farms in Varazdin County and 90% of analysed farms in Medjimurje County. On the majority of farms colostrums is given to the calves in amount of 1-1.5 litres (51.9% Varazdin, i.e. 65% Medjimurje County). Freezing of colostrum is done at 10.5% of analysed farms in Varazdin and 15% of analysed farms in Medjimurje County. In Varazdin County farmers feed calves with milk or milk replacer significantly longer (P<0.001) than farmers in Medjimurje County. Consequently, calves in Medjimurje County consumes significantly lower quantities of milk or milk replacer (P<0.001). Calves in the Medjimurje County are significantly earlier fed with solid feed: hay (P<0.05), pre-starter or starter (P<0.001), and water (P<0.001) than on farms at the Varazdin County. Total mixed ratio (TMR) was used neither in Varazdin nor in Medjmurje County in calves’ nutrition, and colostrums quality was checked only at 3% of farms in Varazdin County (4 farms), and only at one farm in Medjimurje County

Proximate Chemical Composition, Fatty Acid Profile, and Lipid Qualitative Indices of Brown Bear Meat

Although game meat quality has been under the spotlight in numerous studies, the quality of brown bear (Ursus arctos) meat is still unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of sex and age on the proximate chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and lipid indices of brown bear meat. Nine (n = 9) females and nine (n = 9) males were hunted during the Croatian spring hunting period in 2018. Based on age, bears were divided into two groups: &lt;3 years (n = 9; five females and four males) and 4&ndash;6 years (n = 9; four females and five males). For analysis purposes, samples of M.semimembranosus were collected. Age was shown to have an effect on the traits analyzed, while sex-related differences were not found. Brown bear meat has a high fat content (average 6.12%), especially in older bears (~9%). The contents of protein, dry matter, and ash were similar to those of other game species. Monounsaturated fatty acids made up approximately 50% of all fatty acids, with the most abundant being C18:1n-9. More favorable profiles of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in younger bears. The ratio of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids was closer to the recommended ratio than the ratio of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and lipid indices were favorable. Further research is needed to determine seasonal changes in brown bear meat quality