Function equilibrium in the medium and large urban settlements of Serbia

The aim of this paper is to analyze and assess direction and intensity of changes in structure of activities in urban settlements in Serbia with more than 20,000 inhabitants, to determine the tendencies of that process, as well as the moment or the period of achieving their equilibrium structure of development activities. In addition, this paper defines the regularities of functional urban areas changes depending on their demographic size, on one hand, and depending on the period of exercising their convergent - uniform structure, on the other hand. Results of the analysis were used for testing the hypotheses put forward in the context of previous research related to the period of most intense industrialization - 60s and 70s of the last century. While in this paper, for comparison, that period of time was covered, the focus of the research refers to the period 1981-2011

Urban System in Serbia-The Factor in the Planning of Balanced Regional Development

This paper analyzes the basic characteristics of Serbia's urban system after World War II. The term urban system is largely determined by the use and functioning of the space in which it exists. We used the methods common in urban geography, notably the Rank-Size Rule and the Law of the Primate City with the aim of identifying the basic regularities, as the first step in an in-depth study of an under-researched topic. The research seeks to contribute to explaining the causes of the previous and current situation in the national settlement network, as a prerequisite for planning the future organization of the settlement network. Our study, conducted in Serbia, finds polarization apparent in the prominent domination of the capital city in terms of population, and this is a key feature of Serbia's urban system. The current situation is the result of an intensive process of urbanization, but also of the establishment of new administrative boundaries after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. The study also seeks to suggest the most appropriate development model for Serbia's urban system that could help overcome the extreme population concentration in Belgrade and create a basis for organizing an optimal system of centers. Keeping in mind that uneven regional development is determined by the features of the urban system, polycentric development is a common model for overcoming extreme polarization on a global level

The Interdependence Between Activity Structure and Level of Economic Development – Case Study of Serbia

The goal of the paper is to examine the hypothesis whereby a higher level of diversification in the structure of activities of a certain settlement indicates a higher level of its economic development. The absolute predominance of employment in the tertiary-quaternary sector in the total employment in Serbia’s municipal centres has been brought in correlation with their level of economic development. The nature of this interdependence has been the subject of a detailed analysis in this paper. Using the methods elaborated for the needs of this research, conclusions have been drawn indicating the emergence of a large number of centres where the quantitative prevalence of the tertiary-quaternary sector, along with the distinct incidence of employment in public services, is not accompanied by corresponding qualitative and quantitative changes that would result in a higher level of economic development. Insufficiently developed centres have been identified in order to facilitate decision makers to take proper and timely actions and enable relevant institutions and organisations to apply adequate measures to support balanced economic development

The electrochemical investigation of inclusion complexes of nifedipine and amlodipine with ß-cyclodextrin and (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin

The electrochemical behavior of inclusion complexes of nifedipine (Nif) and amlodipine (Aml), a long-acting calcium channel blockers dihydropyridine (DHP) class, with ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) and (2-hydroxypropyl)-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD), is examined using cyclic and square wave voltammetry in 0.05 M NaHCO3 and phosphate buffer (pH=11) on a gold electrode. The voltammograms show a single irreversible anodic wave with the current controlled by adsorption. It was found that phosphate buffer favorites the electrochemical activity of both complexes of Nif with the linear dependency of the oxidative currents on their concentrations. In phosphate buffer, only HPßCD-Aml complex showed linear dependency of the oxidative currents on the concentration. In 0.05 M NaHCO3 as electrolyte only HPßCD-Nif exhibited apparent activity. The initial potential of the anodic reaction as well as the value of the potential for anodic currents maximum of all the examined complexes in both electrolytes were shifted to the positive direction compared to their standards. In addition, the value of anodic currents decreased

The Interdependence Between Activity Structure and Level of Economic Development – Case Study of Serbia

The goal of the paper is to examine the hypothesis whereby a higher level of diversification in the structure of activities of a certain settlement indicates a higher level of its economic development. The absolute predominance of employment in the tertiary-quaternary sector in the total employment in Serbia’s municipal centres has been brought in correlation with their level of economic development. The nature of this interdependence has been the subject of a detailed analysis in this paper. Using the methods elaborated for the needs of this research, conclusions have been drawn indicating the emergence of a large number of centres where the quantitative prevalence of the tertiary-quaternary sector, along with the distinct incidence of employment in public services, is not accompanied by corresponding qualitative and quantitative changes that would result in a higher level of economic development. Insufficiently developed centres have been identified in order to facilitate decision makers to take proper and timely actions and enable relevant institutions and organisations to apply adequate measures to support balanced economic development

Ekstrahepatične i intrahepatične vene portalnog krvotoka jetre u tekunice (Citellus citellus)

From studies of the extrahepatic veins and intrahepatic veins of the portal system in the ground squirrel, using anatomical methods and rentgenography the following can be concluded: The portal vein is formed by the confluence of three venous blood vessels which are present the extrahepatic part of the portal system in the ground squirrel: V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, V. gastrolienalis and V. mesenterica cranialis. V. portae runs towards the portal fissure and divides, upon entering the liver, into a small right branch which is dispersed in the right lobes and a large left branch which ramifies in the remainder of the liver. V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis receives blood from the greater omentum of the stomach (V. gastroepiploica dextra), the cranial part of the duodenum and the right segment of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis). Truncus gastrolienalis drains the parietal and visceral wall of the stomach (V. gastrica sinistra), the spleen and left portion of the greater omentum (V. lienalis). V. mesenterica cranialis collects blood from the middle part of the duodenum and adjacent part of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis media), from the caudal part of the duodenum and the caudal segment of the pancreas (V. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis), from the jejunum (Vv. jejunales) and from the ileum, cecum and colon (Truncus ileocecocolicus). The extrahepatic veins of the portal system in the ground squirrel are joined through a number of anastomoses. V. portae enters the portal fissure and divides into V. advehens lobi dextri lateralis et processus caudatus, V. advehens lobi dextri medialis, V. advehens processus papillaris, V. advehens lobi quadrati et lobi sinistri medialis and Vv. advehentes lobi sinistri lateralis which branch into a large number of smaller vessels in corresponding lobes of the liver. These veins form the intrahepatic part of the portal system in the ground squirrel.Na osnovu proučavanja ekstrahepatičnih i intrahepatičnih vena portalnog krvotoka jetre u tekunice, koristeći anatomske metode i rentgenolografiju mogu se izvesti sledeći zaključci: Vena portae nastaje iz sliva tri venska krvna suda koja čine extrahepatični deo portalnog krvotoka u tekunice: V. gastropancreaticoduodenalis, V. gastrolienalis i V. mesenterica cranialis. V. portae se pruža prema portalnom žlebu i po ulasku u jetru deli se na manju, desnu granu koja se razgranava u desne režnjeve jetre i veću, levu granu koja se razgranava u ostale režnjeve jetre. V. gastropancreaticododenalis odvodi krv iz omentum majus-a (V. gastroepiploica dextra), početnog dela duodenuma i desnog režnja pankreasa (V. pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis) Truncus gastrolienalis odvodi krv iz parijetalnog i visceralnog zida želudca (V. gastrica sinistra) i slezine i levog dela omentum majus-a (V. lienalis). V. mesenterica cranialis odvodi krv iz srednjeg i završnog dela duodenuma i odgovarajućeg dela pankreasa (V. pancreaticoduodenalis media), iz kaudalnog dela duodenuma i kaudalnoig dela pankreasa (V. pancreaticoduodenalis caudalis) iz jejunuma (Vv. jejunales) i iz ileuma, cekuma i kolona (Truncus ileocecocolicus). Ekstrahepatične vene portalnog krvotoka jetre tekunice stoje u vezi preko mnogobrojnih anastomoza. V. portae ulazi u portalni žleb i iz nje izbijaju vene (V. advehens lobi dextri lateralis et processus caudatus, V. advehens lobi dextri medialis, V. advehens processus papillaris, V. advehens lobi quadrati et lobi sinistri medialis and Vv. advehentes lobi sisnistri lateralis) koje se razgranavaju u odgovarajućim režnjevima jetre tekunice i čine intrahepatični deo portalnog krvotoka tekunice

Effect of neonatal oestrogen and HCG treatment on the genital organs of adult female rats

The ovaries and the uterine as well as vaginal mucous membranes of 80-, 180- and 365-day-old intact female rats and females neonatally treated with a single dose of oestrogen and repeated doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) were studied. Numerous follicles, interstitial cells and corpora lutea (CL) were present on the ovary of intact females from 80 up to 365 days of age. The number of primary and secondary follicles decreased in the intact female rats between Day 180 and Day 365 of life. On the ovaries of 180- and 365-day-old female rats neonatally treated with oestrogen, interstitial glandular cells and cystic follicles predominated. No CL were present on these ovaries. The height of epithelial cells of the uterine and vaginal mucous membranes increased in intact female rats from 80 to 365 days of age, whereas in oestrogen-treated females the height of epithelium decreased. From 80 up to 365 days of age, the height of epithelial cells of uterine and vaginal mucous membranes of rats neonatally treated with repeated doses of hCG was similar to that in the corresponding control animals

Levels of estrogen receptor B splice variant (ERBΔ5) mRNA correlates with progesterone receptor in breast carcinomas

It is well known that breast tumors which are estrogen positive ER(+) are more likely to respond to hormone therapy. However, a certain percentage of ER(+)/PR(+) tumors do not respond to this therapy. Identification of the second estrogen receptor, named estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), as well as the existence of numerous isoforms/splice variants of both ERα and ERβ, suggests that a complex regulation of estrogen action exists. In this study, we analyzed the expression ratio of ERβ1 isoform and ERβΔ5 splice variant mRNAs, and its correlation with ER/PR status by quantitative RT-PCR and clinical and histopathological parameters. We found that the relative proportion of ERβΔ5 in the total ERβ1 transcript 'pool' inversely correlates with the PR level (p = -0,359, p< 0,003, Spearman). It may be that the ERβΔ5 variant modulates the ERα activity of downstream targets. In addition, we suggest that the determination of the expression profiles of ERα and ERβ isoforms and splice variants in the defined groups of patients are necessary for elucidating their involvement in endocrine resistance

A. facialis kod tekunice (Citellus citellus)

A ground squirrel is a hibernator, which hibernation lasts, depending on the age and sex, since the end of the summer until the spring. During this period in the body of ground squirrel, as well as in other hibernators, starts lowering of all vital functions, what has been proven by numerous physiological, biochemical and histological examinations of some organ systems of this animal. The objective of our work was to investigate a part of cardiovascular system of ground squirrel so in that way to contribute to a better knowledge of this animal body structure and accordingly to comparative anatomy in general. The investigation included 6 ground squirrels, of both gender, body weight 200-300 grams. For obtaining head and neck arterial vascularization, after exsanguination of the animal, contrast mass of gelatin coloured with tempera was injected into thoracic aorta (Aorta thoracica). After injecting, the blood vessels were prepared and photographed. For obtaining the corrosive preparations of head and neck arterial blood vessels, after exsanguination of the animal, Biocryl (a mixture of liquid biocryl - methil - methacrylate monomer and biocryl in powder - methil - methacrylate polymer) was injected into thoracic aorta (Aorta thoracica). After injecting the preparations were placed into 5% NaOH, for 96 hours or into 10% NaOH for 48 hours. After that they were rinsed in hot water and photographed. A. facialis in ground squirrel is an extension of A. maxillaris. The branches of A. facialis are: A. labialis inferior, A. bursae buccalis dorsalis, A. labialis superior, A. dorsalis nasi and A. angularis oculi. The obtained results regarding A. facialis in ground squirrel (Citellus citellus) were compared to the same ones in rats. In rats, A. facialis is the biggest branch separating from A. carotis externa. The branches of A. facialis in rats are: Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. labialis inferior, A. angularis oris, A. labialis superior, Rami musculares, A. lateralis nasi and A. angularis oculi. Based on the above mentioned results, it can be concluded that both in ground squirrel and rat A. facialis branches into A. labialis inferior, A. labialis superior and A. angularis oculi. In ground squirrel the branches of A. facialis are also A. bursae buccalis dorsalis and A. dorsalis nasi, and in rat those are Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. angularis oris, Rami musculares and A. lateralis nasi.Tekunica je prezimar, čija hibernacija traje, u zavisnosti od uzrasta i pola, od kraja leta do proleća. U organizmu ove životinje, kao i kod ostalih prezimara, nastupa veliko snižavanje intenziteta svih životnih funkcija, što je dokazano mnogobrojnim fiziološkim, biohemijskim i histološkim ispitivanjima pojedinih organskih sistema kod tekunice. Cilj rada je bio da obradimo deo kardiovaskularnog sistema kod tekunice i na taj način doprinesemo boljem poznavanju građe tela ove životinje i damo doprinos komparativnoj anatomiji. Za ispitivanje je upotrebljeno 6 tekunica, oba pola, telesne mase 200-300 grama. Za dobijanje arterijske vaskularizacije glave i vrata, posle iskrvarenja životinja u grudnu aortu (Aorta thoracica) ubrizgana je kontrastna masa želatin obojen slikarskom temperom. Posle injiciranja, krvni sudovi su preparisani i fotografisani. Za dobijanje korozivnih preparata arterijskih krvnih sudova glave i vrata, po iskrvarenju životinja, u grudnu aortu (Aorta thoracica) ubrizgan je Biocryl (mešavina tečnog biokrila - metil - metakrilat monomer i biokrila u prašku - metil - metakrilat polimer). Posle injiciranja, preparati su stavljani u 5% NaOH, 96 sati ili u 10% NaOH 48 sati. Posle toga preparati su ispirani vrelom vodom i fotografisani. A. facialis kod tekunice predstavlja nastavak od A. maxillaris. Grane od A. facialis su : A. labialis inferior, A. bursae buccalis dorsalis, A. labialis superior, A. dorsalis nasi i A. angularis oculi. Dobijene rezultate koji se odnose na A. facialis kod tekunice (Citellus citellus) upoređivali smo sa istim kod pacova. Kod pacova A. facialis je najveća grana koja se odvaja od A. carotis externa-e. Grane od A. facialis kod pacova su : Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. labialis inferior, A. angularis oris, A. labialis superior, Rami musculares, A. lateralis nasi i A. angularis oculi. Na osnovu navedenih rezultata može se zaključiti da se kod tekunice i pacova od A. facialis odvajaju A. labialis inferior, A. labialis superior i A. angularis oculi. Kod tekunice grane od A. facialis su i A. bursae buccalis dorsalis i A. dorsalis nasi, a kod pacova i Ramus glandularis, A. submentalis, A. masseterica ventralis, A. angularis oris, Rami musculares i A. lateralis nasi

Arterijska vaskularizacija mozga malog zelenog majmuna, Cercopithecus aethiops sabeus

Cell cultures from the small green monkey are used for the cultivation of poliovirus in the manufacture of vaccines against poliomyelitis. In addition kidney cultures from the same monkey serve for detection of the virus in biological material. This was the main reason that prompted us to undertake a study of one part of the monkey’s cardiosvascular system and thus contribute to a better understanding of the structure of its body.Glavni krvni sudovi koji dovode arterijsku krv u mozak su A.carotis interna i A. vertebralis. Spajanjem leve i desne kičmene arterije (A. vertebralis sinistra et dextra) nastaje A. basilaris cerebri. A. carotis interna sinistra et dextra pružaju se kroz parafaringealni prostor prema lobanjskoj duplji, u koju ulaze pošto prođu kroz karotidne kanale (canales carotici) piramide slepoočne kosti u kavernozni sinus u kome se povezuju obe Aa. carotides preko A. intercarotica caudalis. Grane A. carotis internae su: A. ophthalmica, A. cerebri media, A. communicans caudalis. A.ophthalmica dovodi krv u optičke i pomoćne delove oka. A. cerebri media daje grane koje ulaze u moždanu masu i dovodi krv u lateralnu površinu moždane hemisfere. A. communicans caudalis povezuje zadnju moždanu arteriju (A. cerebri caudalis) sa unutrašnjom karotidnom arterijom i daje grane za vaskularizaciju hipotalamusa. A.cerebri rostralis je produžetak stabla unutrašnje karotidne arterije. Ona se spaja sa odgovarajućom granom druge strane ispred Chiasma opticum. Iz ovog spoja nastaje A. cerebri rostralis communis. Od A. cerebri rostralis odvajaju se površne i duboke grane koje ulaze u moždanu masu. A. cerebri caudalis, A. communicans caudalis i A. cerebri rostralis obrazuju oko hipofize i raskršća vidnih nerava arterijski krug (Circulus arteriosus Willisi)