The structure of glycerol teichoic acid-like O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei 1205

ABSTRACT The O-specific polysaccharide of Hafniu aluei 1205 contained p-glucose, D-galactose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-o-glucose, 4-acetamido-4,6-dideoxy-p-glucose (Qui4NAc), glycerol, phosphate, and 0-acetyl groups. On the basis of 1D and 2D shift-correlated homonuclear and 13C-'H heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy, methylation analysis, Smith degradation, and dephosphorylation with hydrofluoric acid, it was concluded that the O-antigen was a partially 0-acetylated teichoic acid-like polysaccharide having the following structure: cy-D-Glc

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The pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas pseudomallei strain 57576 produces two partially O-acetylated 0-antigenic polysaccharides (PSI and PS-II). Methylation analysis and ‘H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including NOE experiments, showed PSI to have the structur

The structure of the O−specific polysaccharide of Citrobacter O16 containing glycerol phosphate

The O−specific polysaccharide, obtained by mild acid degradation of Citrobacrer 016 lipopolysaccharide, consists of D−glucose, D−galactose, 2−acetamido−2−deoxy−˜−galactosgel,y cerol and phosphate in the ratios 2 : 2:2 : 1 :l. Selective cleavage of the polysaccharide was carried out by Smith degradation, N−deacetylation−deamination and dephosphorylation with 48 % hydrofluoric acid, which was accompanied by unexpected splitting of one of the glycosidic linkages. The structures of the oligosaccharides thus obtained were established using 'H− and I3C−NMR spectroscopy, including one−dimensional NOE, two−dimensional rotating−frame NOE, homonuclear and heteronuclear 'qC,lH correlation spectroscopy, and, for the Smith degradation product, positive− and negative−ion−mode fast−atom−bombardment MS and MSMS with collision−induced dissociation. On the basis of these data and the results of methylation analysis, it was concluded that the O−specific polysaccharide has the following repeating unit structur

Rarely naturalized, but widespread and even invasive: the paradox of a popular pet terrapin expansion in Eurasia

The North American terrapin, the red-eared slider, has globally recognized invasive status. We built a new extensive database using our own original and literature data on the ecology of this reptile, representing information on 1477 water bodies throughout Eurasia over the last 50 years. The analysis reveals regions of earliest introductions and long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of the expansion covering now 68 Eurasian countries, including eight countries reported here for the first time. We established also long-term trends in terms of numbers of terrapins per aquatic site, habitat occupation, and reproduction success. Our investigation has revealed differences in the ecology of the red-eared slider in different parts of Eurasia. The most prominent expression of diverse signs of invasion success (higher portion of inhabited natural water bodies, higher number of individuals per water body, successful overwintering, occurrence of juvenile individuals, successful reproduction, and establishment of populations) are typical for Europe, West Asia and East Asia and tend to be restricted to coastal regions and islands. Reproduction records coincide well with the predicted potential range based on climatic requirements but records of successful wintering have a wider distribution. This invader provides an excellent and possibly unique (among animals) example of wide alien distribution, without the establishment of reproducing populations, but through the recruitment of new individuals to rising pseudopopulations due to additional releases. Therefore, alongside the potential reproduction range, a cost-effective strategy for population control must take in account the geographical area of successful wintering. Graphical abstrac