Structural and functional study of Geminin/Cdt1 complex and characterization of compounds that target the complex

Misregulation of the replication licensing system is involved in genomic instability, which is a whole-mark of cancer cells. Particularly, Cdt1 overexpression or silencing of Geminin can lead to DNA over-replication and thus jeopardize the genomic integrity of the cell. Both proteins have been found to be over-expressed in cancer-derived cell lines and human tumor specimens. Notably, cancer and normal cells respond differently to the disturbance of Geminin-Cdt1 balance, caused by misregulation of their expression.Η απορρύθμιση του συστήματος αδειοδότησης της αντιγραφής εμπλέκεται στη γονιδιωματική αστάθεια, η οποία αποτελεί χαρακτηριστικό γνώρισμα των καρκινικών κυττάρων. Η απορρύθμιση των επιπέδων έκφρασης των Cdt1 και Geminin, είτε λόγω υπερέκφρασης του Cdt1, είτε λόγω αποσιώπησης της Geminin, οδηγεί σε εκτοπική επανέναρξη της αντιγραφής και υπερδιπλασιασμό του DNA, θέτοντας έτσι σε κίνδυνο τη γονιδιωματική ακεραιότητα του κυττάρου. Υπερέκφραση των δύο πρωτεϊνών έχει παρατηρηθεί τόσο σε καρκινικές κυτταρικές σειρές όσο και σε περιπτώσεις καρκίνου στον άνθρωπο. Ιδιαίτερη σημασία έχει επίσης το γεγονός ότι η διαταραχή της ισορροπίας των Cdt1 και Geminin, μέσω της απορρύθμισης της έκφρασής τους, μπορεί να προκαλέσει διαφορετική απόκριση στα καρκινικά κύτταρα έναντι των φυσιολογικών

Advanced Gene-Targeting Therapies for Motor Neuron Diseases and Muscular Dystrophies

Gene therapy is a revolutionary, cutting-edge approach to permanently ameliorate or amend many neuromuscular diseases by targeting their genetic origins. Motor neuron diseases and muscular dystrophies, whose genetic causes are well known, are the frontiers of this research revolution. Several genetic treatments, with diverse mechanisms of action and delivery methods, have been approved during the past decade and have demonstrated remarkable results. However, despite the high number of genetic treatments studied preclinically, those that have been advanced to clinical trials are significantly fewer. The most clinically advanced treatments include adeno-associated virus gene replacement therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, and RNA interference. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the advanced gene therapies for motor neuron diseases (i.e., amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy) and muscular dystrophies (i.e., Duchenne muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and myotonic dystrophy) tested in clinical trials. Emphasis has been placed on those methods that are a few steps away from their authoritative approval

Pharmacological Inhibition of Insulin Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) Alone or in Combination With Ruxolitinib Shows Therapeutic Efficacy in Preclinical Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Models

Even after development of the JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients require novel therapeutic options. While ruxolitinib can considerably improve quality of life and prolong survival, it does not modify the natural disease course in most patients. Moreover, resistance develops with prolonged use. Therefore, various combination treatments are currently being investigated. Published data provide a compelling rationale for the inhibition of insulin growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling in MPN. Here we report that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of IGF-1R selectively reduced Jak2V617F-driven cytokine-independent proliferation ex vivo. Two different structurally unrelated IGF-1R inhibitors ameliorated disease phenotype in a murine MPN model and significantly prolonged survival. Moreover, in mice, low-dose ruxolitinib synergized with IGF-1R inhibition to increase survival. Our data demonstrate preclinical efficacy of IGF-1R inhibition in a murine MPN model

GPRC5C drives branched-chain amino acid metabolism in leukemogenesis

Altres ajuts: Jose Carreras Leukämie-StiftungLeukemia stem cells (LSCs) share numerous features with healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). G-protein coupled receptor family C group 5 member C (GPRC5C) is a regulator of HSC dormancy. However, GPRC5C functionality in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is yet to be determined. Within patient AML cohorts, high GPRC5C levels correlated with poorer survival. Ectopic Gprc5c expression increased AML aggression through the activation of NF-κB, which resulted in an altered metabolic state with increased levels of intracellular branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). This onco-metabolic profile was reversed upon loss of Gprc5c, which also abrogated the leukemia-initiating potential. Targeting the BCAA transporter SLC7A5 with JPH203 inhibited oxidative phosphorylation and elicited strong antileukemia effects, specifically in mouse and patient AML samples while sparing healthy bone marrow cells. This antileukemia effect was strengthened in the presence of venetoclax and azacitidine. Our results indicate that the GPRC5C-NF-κB-SLC7A5-BCAAs axis is a therapeutic target that can compromise leukemia stem cell function in AML