Ferramentas modernas de regulação e gestão do sortimento da empresa

The article proposes a number of tools for managing the assortment of the multinomenclature enterprise; the method of forming the assortment policy is improved. The role and importance of forming the assortment which is adequate to the market requirements and production capabilities are disclosed. Based on the results of leading economists, the necessity to formulate a comprehensive methodology for managing the assortment is concluded. The method of forming the assortment, proposed in the article, is adapted to the modern conditions of management. The assortment policy formation is proposed to be carried out step by step, with the using accounting data and primary information which is obtained through field research and modern Internet technologies. The indexes for estimating the assortment of the production enterprise are listed. The algorithm of an estimation of adequacy of an existing assortment to market requirements and to production possibilities is described. It is proposed to compare the stage of the product life cycle with the level of return of unrealized products and the level of production equipment loading. The integration of modern Internet technologies into the mechanism of the assortment formation is offered. The main emphasis is on calculating the coefficients of adequacy of goods to the market, corrected in real time by statistical data of the firm's website. The using of the assortment list as an instrument of assortment control at points of sale is considered. The article is of an applied nature.El artículo propone una serie de herramientas para gestionar el surtido de la empresa multinomenclatura; el método para formar la política de surtido se mejora. Se describe el papel y la importancia de formar el surtido adecuado a los requisitos del mercado y las capacidades de producción. Con base en los resultados de los principales economistas, se concluye la necesidad de formular una metodología integral para administrar el surtido. El método de formación del surtido, propuesto en el artículo, se adapta a las condiciones modernas de gestión. La formación de la política de surtido se propone llevar a cabo paso a paso, con el uso de datos contables y la información primaria que se obtiene a través de la investigación de campo y las tecnologías modernas de Internet. Se enumeran los índices para estimar el surtido de la empresa de producción. Se describe el algoritmo de una estimación de la adecuación de un surtido existente a los requisitos del mercado y a las posibilidades de producción. Se propone comparar la etapa del ciclo de vida del producto con el nivel de retorno de los productos no realizados y el nivel de carga del equipo de producción. Se ofrece la integración de las modernas tecnologías de Internet en el mecanismo de la formación del surtido. El énfasis principal está en el cálculo de los coeficientes de adecuación de los bienes al mercado, corregidos en tiempo real por los datos estadísticos del sitio web de la empresa. Se considera el uso de la lista de surtido como un instrumento de control del surtido en los puntos de venta. El artículo es de naturaleza aplicadaO artigo propõe uma série de ferramentas para gerenciar o sortimento do empreendimento multinomenclatura; o método de formar a política de sortimento é melhorado. O papel e a importância de formar o sortimento adequado às exigências do mercado e às capacidades de produção são divulgados. Com base nos resultados dos principais economistas, conclui-se a necessidade de formular uma metodologia abrangente para gerenciar o sortimento. O método de formação do sortimento, proposto no artigo, é adaptado às modernas condições de gestão. Propõe-se que a formação da política de sortimento seja realizada passo a passo, com o uso de dados contábeis e informações primárias obtidas por meio de pesquisa de campo e modernas tecnologias da Internet. Os índices para estimar o sortimento da empresa de produção são listados. O algoritmo de uma estimativa de adequação de um sortimento existente aos requisitos do mercado e às possibilidades de produção é descrito. Propõe-se comparar o estágio do ciclo de vida do produto com o nível de retorno de produtos não realizados e o nível de carregamento do equipamento de produção. A integração de tecnologias modernas da Internet no mecanismo da formação de sortimento é oferecida. A principal ênfase é no cálculo dos coeficientes de adequação dos bens ao mercado, corrigidos em tempo real pelos dados estatísticos do site da empresa. O uso da lista de sortimento como um instrumento de controle de sortimento em pontos de venda é considerado.O artigo é de natureza aplicada

The Model of Innovative Activities Management in a Competitive Market Conditions

Market competition in all sectors of the economy calls for maximum use, activation, optimal implementation of the results of scientific and technical progress - innovations. This is necessary not discrete implementation of innovative projects and development of a new system of interaction of innovative processes in all areas. Purpose of the article is modeling of innovative activities' processes management and development of recommendations to improve its productivity. The authors analyzed the theoretical and methodological aspects of innovative activities' implementation, revealed the structure of innovative activities and the parameters of its implementation. A mathematical model for innovative activities' managing, defining the hierarchy of its connections is proposed. This article is intended for regional leaders, top managers of enterprises, scientists and researchers involved in the innovative development of an economic sector. Keywords: innovations, innovative activities, management, modeling, investment JEL Classifications: С15, С51, O3

Photoluminescent Scaffolds Based on Natural and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Bioimaging and Tissue Engineering

Non-invasive visualization and monitoring of tissue-engineered structures in a living organism is a challenge. One possible solution to this problem is to use upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as photoluminescent nanomarkers in scaffolds. We synthesized and studied scaffolds based on natural (collagen—COL and hyaluronic acid—HA) and synthetic (polylactic-co-glycolic acids—PLGA) polymers loaded with β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystals (21 ± 6 nm). Histomorphological analysis of tissue response to subcutaneous implantation of the polymer scaffolds in BALB/c mice was performed. The inflammatory response of the surrounding tissues was found to be weak for scaffolds based on HA and PLGA and moderate for COL scaffolds. An epi-luminescent imaging system with 975 nm laser excitation was used for in vivo visualization and photoluminescent analysis of implanted scaffolds. We demonstrated that the UCNPs’ photoluminescent signal monotonously decreased in all the examined scaffolds, indicating their gradual biodegradation followed by the release of photoluminescent nanoparticles into the surrounding tissues. In general, the data obtained from the photoluminescent analysis correlated satisfactorily with the histomorphological analysis

Photoluminescent Scaffolds Based on Natural and Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Bioimaging and Tissue Engineering

Non-invasive visualization and monitoring of tissue-engineered structures in a living organism is a challenge. One possible solution to this problem is to use upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as photoluminescent nanomarkers in scaffolds. We synthesized and studied scaffolds based on natural (collagen—COL and hyaluronic acid—HA) and synthetic (polylactic-co-glycolic acids—PLGA) polymers loaded with β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystals (21 ± 6 nm). Histomorphological analysis of tissue response to subcutaneous implantation of the polymer scaffolds in BALB/c mice was performed. The inflammatory response of the surrounding tissues was found to be weak for scaffolds based on HA and PLGA and moderate for COL scaffolds. An epi-luminescent imaging system with 975 nm laser excitation was used for in vivo visualization and photoluminescent analysis of implanted scaffolds. We demonstrated that the UCNPs’ photoluminescent signal monotonously decreased in all the examined scaffolds, indicating their gradual biodegradation followed by the release of photoluminescent nanoparticles into the surrounding tissues. In general, the data obtained from the photoluminescent analysis correlated satisfactorily with the histomorphological analysis

Changes in the Differentiation Program of Birch Cambial Derivatives following Trunk Girdling

The mechanisms regulating the tree trunk radial growth can be studied in original experiments. One technique for studying cambium activity (the meristem involved in radial growth) under conditions of an increased photoassimilate level is trunk girdling. We girdled the trunks of 17- to 22-year-old silver birch plants (Betula pendula Roth var. pendula) during the active growth period and collected xylem and phloem samples at two height levels (1 cm and 35 cm) above girdle, 10, 20, and 30 days after girdling. We investigated the changes that occurred at the anatomical level, as well as the activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes and antioxidant-system enzymes and the expression of genes that encode proteins involved in sucrose and auxin transport and metabolism. A moderate increase in photoassimilates (35 cm above the girdle) resulted in a change in the ratio of phloem to xylem increments and an increase in the proportion of parenchyma in the conducting tissues. The increase of photoassimilates above the level at which they can be used in the processes of normal tissue growth and development (1 cm above the girdle) led to xylogenesis suppression and the stimulation of phloem formation, a significant increase in the parenchyma proportion in the conducting tissues, and formation of large sclereid complexes. The differentiation of parenchyma and sclereid cells coincided with biochemical and molecular markers of abnormal conducting tissue formation in Karelian birch, which are also characterized by high proportions of parenchyma and sclereid near the cambium. The results obtained are important in understanding the cambium responses to the photoassimilate distribution changes and estimating tree productivity and survival under changing environmental conditions

Health-status outcomes with invasive or conservative care in coronary disease

BACKGROUND In the ISCHEMIA trial, an invasive strategy with angiographic assessment and revascularization did not reduce clinical events among patients with stable ischemic heart disease and moderate or severe ischemia. A secondary objective of the trial was to assess angina-related health status among these patients. METHODS We assessed angina-related symptoms, function, and quality of life with the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) at randomization, at months 1.5, 3, and 6, and every 6 months thereafter in participants who had been randomly assigned to an invasive treatment strategy (2295 participants) or a conservative strategy (2322). Mixed-effects cumulative probability models within a Bayesian framework were used to estimate differences between the treatment groups. The primary outcome of this health-status analysis was the SAQ summary score (scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status). All analyses were performed in the overall population and according to baseline angina frequency. RESULTS At baseline, 35% of patients reported having no angina in the previous month. SAQ summary scores increased in both treatment groups, with increases at 3, 12, and 36 months that were 4.1 points (95% credible interval, 3.2 to 5.0), 4.2 points (95% credible interval, 3.3 to 5.1), and 2.9 points (95% credible interval, 2.2 to 3.7) higher with the invasive strategy than with the conservative strategy. Differences were larger among participants who had more frequent angina at baseline (8.5 vs. 0.1 points at 3 months and 5.3 vs. 1.2 points at 36 months among participants with daily or weekly angina as compared with no angina). CONCLUSIONS In the overall trial population with moderate or severe ischemia, which included 35% of participants without angina at baseline, patients randomly assigned to the invasive strategy had greater improvement in angina-related health status than those assigned to the conservative strategy. The modest mean differences favoring the invasive strategy in the overall group reflected minimal differences among asymptomatic patients and larger differences among patients who had had angina at baseline

Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease

BACKGROUND Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, whether clinical outcomes are better in those who receive an invasive intervention plus medical therapy than in those who receive medical therapy alone is uncertain. METHODS We randomly assigned 5179 patients with moderate or severe ischemia to an initial invasive strategy (angiography and revascularization when feasible) and medical therapy or to an initial conservative strategy of medical therapy alone and angiography if medical therapy failed. The primary outcome was a composite of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or hospitalization for unstable angina, heart failure, or resuscitated cardiac arrest. A key secondary outcome was death from cardiovascular causes or myocardial infarction. RESULTS Over a median of 3.2 years, 318 primary outcome events occurred in the invasive-strategy group and 352 occurred in the conservative-strategy group. At 6 months, the cumulative event rate was 5.3% in the invasive-strategy group and 3.4% in the conservative-strategy group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8 to 3.0); at 5 years, the cumulative event rate was 16.4% and 18.2%, respectively (difference, 121.8 percentage points; 95% CI, 124.7 to 1.0). Results were similar with respect to the key secondary outcome. The incidence of the primary outcome was sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction; a secondary analysis yielded more procedural myocardial infarctions of uncertain clinical importance. There were 145 deaths in the invasive-strategy group and 144 deaths in the conservative-strategy group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with stable coronary disease and moderate or severe ischemia, we did not find evidence that an initial invasive strategy, as compared with an initial conservative strategy, reduced the risk of ischemic cardiovascular events or death from any cause over a median of 3.2 years. The trial findings were sensitive to the definition of myocardial infarction that was used