Kontrola i sertifikacija organske proizvodnje i period konverzije konvencionalne u organsku farmu

The intensification of agricultural production, both crop and livestock, has brought many benefits to human society , but the intensive development of agriculture and its orientation on industrial principles carry with them the negative effects, which were multiplied and increased more and more. The main negative effects are following conventional intensive agricultural production are reflected in: soil erosion and biodiversity, animal product obtained by animals that are grown under conditions of constant stress, the presence of residues of antibiotics and chemical crop protection products. Organic farming is fully controlled production cycle. The conditions of production are based on rules IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) and they must be legally regulated and adapted to the specific conditions of each country in which the production takes place. The transformation or transition means the process of developing a reliable and sustainable agro-economic system. The whole farm or farm unit, including livestock, is bound to change in accordance with the standards of organic foods in a given period of time. The transition from conventional to organic production takes some time, depending on type, category and general conditions in animal breeding.Intenzifikacija poljoprivredne proizvodnje, kako ratarske, tako i stočarske donela je mnogo koristi ljudskom društvu, ali intenzivan razvoj poljoprivrede i njena orjentacija na industrijskim principima nosili su sa sobom i negativne efekte, koji su se umnožavali i sve više rasli. Osnovni negativni efekti koji prate konvencionalnu intenzivnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju ogledaju se u eroziji zemljišta i biodiverziteta, animalnim proizvodima dobijenim od životinja koje se gaje u uslovima konstantnog stresa, prisustvu rezidua antibiotika i hemijskih proizvoda za zaštitu bilja. Organska poljoprivredna proizvodnja je u potpunosti kontrolisan proizvodni ciklus. Uslovi proizvodnje se na osnovu pravilnika IFOAM-a (Međunarodna federacija pokreta organske poljoprivrede) moraju prilagoditi specifičnim uslovima svake zemlje u kojoj se odvija proizvodnja i zakonski regulisati. Transformacija ili prelaz znači proces razvijanja pouzdanog i održivog agro-ekonomskog sistema. Cela farma ili jedinica na farmi, uključujući i stočarstvo, mora da pretrpi promene u skladu sa standardima organski zdrave hrane u jednom datom vremenskom periodu. Naime, prelazak iz konvencionalne u organsku proizvodnju zahteva određeno vreme, što zavisi od vrste, kategorije i opštih uslova gajenja životinja

Uticaj različite doze i načina primene mineralnih đubriva na prinos krompira

This study involved use of six application rates and different methods of NPK fertilization in potato cultivar ’Carrera’ on a leached soil. The highest total yield of potato was obtained under treatment with 1,200 kg/ha NPK 16:16:16 combined with 200 kg/ha CAN. Different methods of NPK treatment gave no significant difference in potato yield at the same fertilizer rate, but the yield was somewhat increased by applying part of the fertilizer pre-plant and part of it in-furrow, compared to the in-furrow treatment with the full application rate at planting.Ispitivanja su izvedena primenom šest različitih doza i načina primene NPK-đubriva kod sorte krompira Karera na lesiviranom zemljištu. Najveći ukupni prinos krompira ostvaren je na varijanti gde je izvršena kombinovana primena 1200 kg/ha NPK đubriva 16:16:16 i 200 kg/ha KAN-a. Primenom različitih načina unošenja NPK đubriva nisu utvrđene značajne razlike u prinosu krompira kod iste doze, ali je nešto veći prinos postignut na varijantama gde je deo đubriva primenjen predsetveno a deo u brazde, u odnosu na primenu celokupne količine u brazde za vreme sadnje

Razvoj organske poljoprivrede i stočarstva u svetu, Evropi i kod nas

The intensification of agricultural production, both crop and livestock, has brought many benefits to human society , but the intensive development of agriculture and its orientation on industrial principles carry with them the negative effects, which were multiplied and increased more and more. The main negative effects are following conventional intensive agricultural production are reflected in: soil erosion and biodiversity, animal product obtained by animals that are grown under conditions of constant stress, the presence of residues of antibiotics and chemical crop protection products. With the knowledge of the negative effects of intensive industrial agriculture and the consequences that may have a consuming products in the same in terms of the health of consumers increases interest in unconventional, especially organic production. All of this contributed to over the last decade, the scope organic agriculture on a global scale significantly increased. The expansion of organic agriculture have contributed to the standards defined by the laws and regulations that provide a framework for enabling good life conditions for farm animals.Intenzifikacija poljoprivredne proizvodnje, kako ratarske, tako i stočarske donela je mnogo koristi ljudskom društvu, ali intenzivan razvoj poljoprivrede i njena orjentacija na industrijskim principima nosili su sa sobom i negativne efekte, koji su se umnožavali i sve više rasli. Osnovni negativni efekti koji prate konvencionalnu intenzivnu poljoprivrednu proizvodnju ogledaju se u eroziji zemljišta i biodiverziteta, animalnim proizvodima dobijenim od životinja koje se gaje u uslovima konstantnog stresa, prisustvu rezidua antibiotika i hemijskih proizvoda za zaštitu bilja. Sa spoznajom negativnih efekata intenzivne industrijske poljoprivredne proizvodnje kao i posledice koje može da ima konzumiranje proizvoda iz iste sa aspekta zdravlja potrošača raste interesovanje za nekonvencionalnu, a posebno organsku proizvodnju. Sve ovo uticalo je da se tokom poslednje decenije obim organske proizvodnje u svetskim razmerama znatno poveća. Širenju organske proizvodnje doprineli su i standardi definisani kroz zakonske propise i regulative koji obezbeđuju okvir za omogućavanje dobrih životnih uslova za domaće životinje

Prinos i kvalitet krtola krompira u zavisnosti od đubrenja

Research on the effect of different rates and methods of application of mineral NPK fertilizers on the yield and quality of potato variety ‘Carrera’ was conducted on a luvisol of the Radočelo Mountain massif. Treatments included an unfertilized control, NPK 16:16:16 (1500 kg ha) applied in-furrow at planting, NPK 16:16:16 (1200kg ha-1) applied in-furrow at planting, and NPK 16:16:16 applied at 700 kg ha-1 during seedbed preparation and 500 kg ha-1 in-furrow at planting. Mineral fertilizers led to a very significant increase in tuber yield compared to the control, giving the highest total yield under 1500 kg ha-1 NPK treatment. Results on the nutritional value of potato tubers showed that the levels of tested nutrients were higher in the skin than in the flesh. The concentrations of tested nutrients in potato tubers were highest at the highest NPK fertilizer rate.Ispitivanje uticaja različitih doza i načina primene mineralnog đubriva NPK 16:16:16 (1500 kg ha-1, primenjenog u brazde zavreme sadnje, 1200 kg ha-1, primenjenog u brazde za vreme sadnje i 700 kg ha-1 za vreme predsetvene pripreme uz 500 kg ha-1 u brazde za vreme sadnje) na prinos i kvalitet krompira sorte Karera izvedeno je na lesiviranom zemljištu (luvisolu) planinskog masiva Radočelo. Primenjena mineralna đubriva su uticala na značajno povećanje prinosa u odnosu na kontrolu, pri čemu je značajno veći prinos postignut na varijanti sa većom količinom đubriva u odnosu na ostale varijante. Primena iste doze NPK đubriva različitim načinima unošenja nije značajno uticala na prinos i kvalitet krtola krompira. Analizom krtola krompira je utvrđeno da je sadržaj svih elemenata bio veći u kori u odnosu na srž krtole, kao i da je najveći sadržaj bio na varijanti sa najvećom dozom NPK đubriva

Characterization of natural and synthetic humic substances (melanoidins) by chemical composition and adsorption measurements

Melanoidins, condensation products of sugars and amino acids, are thought to represent a key link in the transformation of polysaccharides and proteins to humic material in the marine environment. We investigated adsorption behaviour of melanoidins prepared in equimolar solutions of glucose and amino acids of choice (glutamic acid, valine and lysine) and pseudomelanoidins which were prepared from glucose only. Melanoidins were prepared using different condensation times (2, 4, 16 and 32 days). Synthesized melanoidins were separated into different molecular mass fractions. Fractionation of melanoidins by sorption on the macroreticular resin XAD-8 separated melanoidins into hydrophobic neutral, hydrophobic acid and hydrophilic fractions. Adsorption of melanoidins and their different fractions was studied at a mercury electrode by directly measuring the change of the double layer capacitance caused by the adsorption of organic molecules on the electrode surface through phase sensitive alternating current voltammetry. The hydrophobic acid fraction of melanoidins accounted for most of the adsorption behaviour of melanoidins. Consequently, the higher molecular mass fraction of melanoidins (>10 kDa) exhibits a stronger adsorption in comparison to the lower molecular mass fraction (<3 kDa) of the same melanoidin. The good fit of adsorption data of melanoidins and pseudomelanoidins to the same adsorption isotherm supports the idea that melanoidins are comprised of a sugar derived “backbone” that is responsible for the adsorption behaviour of melanoidin, while the presence of nitrogen atoms is responsible for the complexation of copper ions. Adsorption characteristics and complexation ability of melanoidins and natural organic matter were similar. Our results suggest that in the process of humification, selective adsorption of condensation products on aqueous surfaces may lead to a progressive immobilization of certain fractions, i.e., it is probable that higher molecular mass components accumulate at aquatic surfaces, while lower mass components remain in solution

Improved current estimation in paralleled half-bridge converters

When paralleling half bridges, their individual currents should be balanced to prevent large circulating currents. This paper improves an existing perturbation-based current estimation method by modifying the perturbation signal allowing a faster estimation of the currents, resulting in a reduction of current stress on components

Improved current estimation in paralleled half-bridge converters

When paralleling half bridges, their individual currents should be balanced to prevent large circulating currents. This paper improves an existing perturbation-based current estimation method by modifying the perturbation signal allowing a faster estimation of the currents, resulting in a reduction of current stress on components

Efficient removal of priority, hazardous priority and emerging pollutants with Prunus armeniaca functionalized biochar from aqueous wastes: Experimental optimization and modeling

This paper investigates the ability of the phosphoric acid functionalized Prunus armeniaca stones biochar (AsPhA) prepared by thermochemical activation to remove lead (Pb2+), cadmium (Cd2+), nickel (Ni2+), naproxen and chlorophenols from aqueous wastes. The engineered biochar was characterized using the Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller technique. The batch studies were performed by varying the initial pH of the solution (2-9), adsorbent dosage (0.2-10 g L-1), contact time (5-60 min), temperature (22, 32 and 42 degrees C) and initial adsorbate concentration (5-500mg L-1). With the optimal process conditions, the adsorption efficiency was over 95% (100 mg L-1). The results were fitted with three kinetic and three equilibrium theoretical adsorption models. The adsorption process has good correlation with pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. Adsorption mechanism was found to be controlled by pore, film and particle diffusion, throughout the entire adsorption period. The monolayer adsorption capacities were found to be 179.476, 105.844 and 78.798mg g(-1) for Pb2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were also calculated. Additionally, preliminary results indicated a strong affinity of the biochar for selected organic micropollutants: naproxen and chlorophenols. Based on desorption study results, biochar was successfully regenerated in 3 cycles with diluted phosphoric acid produced as a waste stream during washing of the biochar after thermochemical activation. The experimental results were applied in a two-stage completely stirred tank reactor design. Cost estimation of AsPhA production substantiated its cost effectiveness and adsorption costs of selected pollutants were 5 times lower than with the commercial activated carbons. Based on the low-cost and high capacity, engineered biochar can be used as a highly efficient eco-friendly adsorbent for removal of heavy metal and organic micropollutants from wastewaters systems