Molekulare Mechanismen der Prionpropagation

Ein zentrales Ereignis in der Pathogenese der Prionkrankheiten ist die strukturelle Konversion des zellulären Prionproteins (PrPC) in eine infektiöse Isoform (PrPSc). Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die von der Prion-Hypothese angenommene Eigenschaft von PrPSc zur autokatalytischen Vermehrung durch serielle PMCA-Reaktionen experimentell belegt und die Vermehrung von Infektiösität in vitro dargestellt. Die Fragmentierung der PrP-Aggregate in kleinere Aggregationskeime hat sich dabei für eine effiziente autokatalytische Prion-Replikation als essentiell erwiesen. Diese Ergebnisse sprechen für die Richtigkeit des „seeded polymerisation“-Modells der PrPSc-Bildung und liefern einen experimentellen Beleg für die Prion-Hypothese. Die Übertragbarkeit von Prionkrankheiten auf andere Spezies wird durch den Grad der Primärsequenz-Identität von PrPC und PrPSc entscheidend beeinflusst, wobei die Existenz von Erregerstämmen mit gleicher Primärsequenz und unterschiedlichen Übertragbarkeiten eine Herausforderung für die Prion-Hypothese darstellt. Durch die in dieser Arbeit durchgeführten in vitro Konversionsstudien mit chimären Prionproteinen konnte gezeigt werden, dass Unterschiede in den Aminosäuren 155 und 170 die Speziesbarriere zwischen Maus und Rötelmaus wesentlich beeinflussen, wobei die durch Punktmutationen hervorgerufene Veränderung der Konversionseffizienz vom Erregerstamm abhängig ist. Die in vivo beobachtete hohe Empfindlichkeit der Rötelmaus gegenüber Scrapie konnte nicht auf die Primärsequenz zurückgeführt und muss daher von zusätzlichen Wirtsfaktoren bestimmt werden. Die Relevanz des bisher nicht identifizierten „Protein X“ als entscheidender Kofaktor ist aufgrund der Sequenzidentität des postulierten „Protein X“-Bindungsepitop bei Maus und Rötelmaus in Frage zu stellen. Die Speziesbarriere ist daher als Transmissionsbarriere zu verstehen, welche von der Primärsequenz der beiden Isoformen des Prionproteins, der Struktur-kompatibilität von PrPC und PrPSc und von zusätzlichen Wirtsfaktoren beeinflusst wird. Um die Höhe einer Transmissionsbarriere vorauszusagen, ist daher neben der Identifizierung der zusätzlichen Wirtsfaktoren die Aufklärung der PrPSc-Struktur erforderlich. Da dies aufgrund der biophysikalischen Eigenschaften von PrPSc mit klassischen Verfahren nicht möglich ist, wurde eine Methode zur kovalenten Vernetzung von PrP-Aggregaten etabliert, die es ermöglicht Interaktionsflächen in PrPSc zu analysieren und so relevante Strukturinformationen zu gewinnen

Conversion Efficiency of Bank Vole Prion Protein in Vitro Is Determined by Residues 155 and 170, but Does Not Correlate with the High Susceptibility of Bank Voles to Sheep Scrapie in Vivo

The misfolded infectious isoform of the prion protein (PrP(Sc)) is thought to replicate in an autocatalytic manner by converting the cellular form (PrP(C)) into its pathogenic folding variant. The similarity in the amino acid sequence of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) influences the conversion efficiency and is considered as the major determinant for the species barrier. We performed in vitro conversion reactions on wild-type and mutated PrP(C) to determine the role of the primary sequence for the high susceptibility of bank voles to scrapie. Different conversion efficiencies obtained with bank vole and mouse PrP(C) in reactions with several prion strains were due to differences at amino acid residues 155 and 170. However, the conversion efficiencies obtained with mouse and vole PrP(C) in reactions with sheep scrapie did not correlate with the susceptibility of the respective species to this prion strain. This discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo data may indicate that at least in the case of scrapie transmission to bank voles additional host factors can strongly modulate the species barrier. Furthermore, in vitro conversion reactions with different prion strains revealed that the degree of alteration of the conversion efficiency induced by amino acid exchanges was varying according to the prion strain. These results support the assumption that the repertoire of conformations adopted by a certain PrP(C) primary sequence is decisive for its convertibility to the strain-specific PrP(Sc) conformation

Substitutions of PrP N-terminal histidine residues modulate scrapie disease pathogenesis and incubation time in transgenic mice.

Prion diseases have been linked to impaired copper homeostasis and copper induced-oxidative damage to the brain. Divalent metal ions, such as Cu2+ and Zn2+, bind to cellular prion protein (PrPC) at octapeptide repeat (OR) and non-OR sites within the N-terminal half of the protein but information on the impact of such binding on conversion to the misfolded isoform often derives from studies using either OR and non-OR peptides or bacterially-expressed recombinant PrP. Here we created new transgenic mouse lines expressing PrP with disrupted copper binding sites within all four histidine-containing OR's (sites 1-4, H60G, H68G, H76G, H84G, "TetraH>G" allele) or at site 5 (composed of residues His-95 and His-110; "H95G" allele) and monitored the formation of misfolded PrP in vivo. Novel transgenic mice expressing PrP(TetraH>G) at levels comparable to wild-type (wt) controls were susceptible to mouse-adapted scrapie strain RML but showed significantly prolonged incubation times. In contrast, amino acid replacement at residue 95 accelerated disease progression in corresponding PrP(H95G) mice. Neuropathological lesions in terminally ill transgenic mice were similar to scrapie-infected wt controls, but less severe. The pattern of PrPSc deposition, however, was not synaptic as seen in wt animals, but instead dense globular plaque-like accumulations of PrPSc in TgPrP(TetraH>G) mice and diffuse PrPSc deposition in (TgPrP(H95G) mice), were observed throughout all brain sections. We conclude that OR and site 5 histidine substitutions have divergent phenotypic impacts and that cis interactions between the OR region and the site 5 region modulate pathogenic outcomes by affecting the PrP globular domain

Conformational changes measured by <i>in vitro</i> conversion reactions.

<p><b>(A)</b><i>In vitro</i> conversion reactions have been performed with radiolabeled wild-type and PrP^C(TetraH>G) purified from RK13 cells and PrP^Sc purified from brains of RML-infected Tga20 mice as described [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0188989#pone.0188989.ref004" target="_blank">4</a>]. Samples were analyzed by SDS-PAGE-fluorography, and relative conversion efficiencies (CVE) were calculated from band intensities before and after digestion with proteinase K using the formula CVE [%] = [I°_+PK / (I°_-PK*10)]*100. PrP^C with substituted OR histidines (PrP^C(TetraH>G)) is only half as efficient in converting to the misfolded, PK-resistant conformer than wt PrP^C. Mean values ± standard error (SEM) were determined from 11 independent experiments for each PrP^C type. P-values (p (two sided) = 0.07, p (one sided) = 0.036) were obtained by T-Test calculation. (<b>B</b>) Control reactions performed in the absence of PrP^Sc seed.</p

Neuropathological changes and PrP^Sc distribution in hippocampal and cerebellar sections of prion-challenged mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) First column: Paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blots demonstrating PrP^Sc deposits in hippocampus and cerebellum of RML-infected wild-type (C57/129Sv) and PrP(TetraH>G), line 34 mice. There are plaque-like deposits in and adjacent to the corpus callosum and the internal granular cell layer of the cerebellum in PrP(TetraH>G) mice. Second column: Corresponding PrP^Sc immunhistochemistry (upper field: hippocampus and corpus callosum; lower field: cerebellum; monoclonal antibody CDC1; scale bar: 50 μm). Third column: Hematoxylin and eosin stainings (H&E) of hippocampal/corpus callosum and cerebellar sections demonstrating spongiform changes (scale bars of hippocampus/corpus callosum: 100 μm; of cerebellum: 200 μm). Fourth column: GFAP immunostaining demonstrating gliosis (scale bars as in third column). (<b>B</b>) Corresponding histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of hippocampal brain sections derived from terminally ill PrPH95G mice and corresponding wt controls (scale bars: 200 μm). Three independent Tg lines (lines 4, 11 and 13) were assessed for these analyses.</p

Western blot analysis of brain lysates from RML-infected wt and transgenic mice for total PrP^C and PrP^Sc using monoclonal antibody 4H11.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Brain homogenates from terminally ill wt and PrP(TetraH>G) line 34 mice were either left untreated (- PK) or subjected to digestion with proteinase K (+ PK). Blots were reprobed for β-actin to control for equal loading. Bands corresponding to total PrP are marked on the left. Irrelevant lanes have been excised at two positions. Molecular weight standards are given on the right (in kDa). (<b>B</b>) Corresponding immunoblot analysis of brain homogenates extracted from RML-infected PrP(H95G) mice from the three different lines 11, 13, and 4, respectively, and corresponding wt control (lanes 1 and 2) before (-) and after (+) treatment with PK. Molecular weight standards are given on the right (in kDa).</p

PrP^C levels and glycosylation profile in healthy wild-type and transgenic mice expressing mutant PrP.

<p><b>(A)</b> Brain homogenates (10 μg per lane) derived from mice expressing full length mouse wild-type (wt), PrP(H95G) lines 4, 11 and 13, PrP(TetraH>G) line 34 and PrP null controls (<i>Prnp</i>^0/0) were subjected to immunoblot analysis using monoclonal antibody SHA31. Blots were reprobed for β-actin to control for equal loading. Molecular weight is indicated on the left (in kDa). (<b>B</b>) Removal of N-linked glycans on PrP^C encoded by the PrP(H95G), lines 4, 11, and 13 as well as PrP(TetraH>G), line 34 using peptide N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) and probing of the treated samples with monoclonal antibody SHA31. fl = full-length PrP.</p

Lesion profiles induced by mouse-adapted scrapie isolate RML in wild-type and transgenic mice expressing mutant PrP.

<p>The extent of spongiform change (<b>A</b>) and reactive gliosis (<b>C</b>) in brain sections of terminally ill wt and PrP(TetraH>G) was assessed semi-quantitatively in a blinded fashion in nine areas of grey matter and three areas of white matter by lesion profiling. Animals were scored on a scale of 0–5 in each specific area, and mean scores (n = 6 (C57/129Sv), versus n = 7 (PrP(TetraH>G), line 34), respectively) are shown graphically (error bars plus SD). Blue diamonds: C57/129Sv. Red squares: PrP(TetraH>G). Analogous data from PrP(H95G) mice are shown in panels <b>B</b> and <b>D</b> (n = 4 (PrP(H95G), line 13), n = 5 (PrP(H95G), line 4) and n = 7 (PrP(H95G), line 11), respectively); data for C57/129Sv wt animals has been re-plotted for comparative purposes. Blue diamonds: C57/129Sv. Red squares: PrP(H95G), line 4. Green triangles: PrP(H95G), line 11. Grey circles: PrP(H95G), line 13. Scoring areas as follows: Grey matter: 1, dorsal medulla, 2, cerebellar cortex, 3, superior colliculus, 4, hypothalamus, 5, medial thalamus, 6, hippocampus, 7, septum, 8, medial cerebral cortex at septum level, 9, medial cerebral cortex at thalamus level. White matter: 1*, cerebellar white matter, 2*, mesencephalic tegmentum, 3* pyramidal tract.</p

Neuropathological changes and PrP^Sc distribution pattern in brain sections of secondary passage transgenic mice and corresponding wt controls.

<p>(<b>A</b>) First column: Paraffin-embedded tissue (PET) blots demonstrating PrP^Sc deposits in hippocampus (upper panels) and cerebellum (lower panels) of wt (C57/129Sv) and PrP(TetraH>G), line 34 inoculated with PrP(TetraH>G)-passaged prions. Second column: Corresponding PrP^Sc immunhistochemistry (mAb CDC-1). Third column: Hematoxylin and eosin stainings (H&E) of hippocampal and cerebellar sections demonstrating spongiform changes. Fourth column: GFAP immunostaining demonstrating gliosis. (<b>B</b>) Corresponding hippocampal brain sections from terminally ill PrP(H95G) mice (line 13) and corresponding wt controls (C57/129Sv) challenged with PrP(H95G)-passaged prions.</p