Optimization of soxhlet extraction parameter of annona muricata leaves using box-behnken design (BBD) expert and antioxidant analysis

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the extraction of herbal plant of Annona muricata L. using Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with three factors and two responses (yield and total solid content) was implemented. The processing parameters of A. muricata leaves by soxhlet extraction were solvent to raw material ratio, ethanol concentration, and duration of extraction using soxhlet extractor. The presence of acetogenins compounds was screened by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Optimum condition with the solvent to raw material ratio (1:5.92), ethanol concentration (1.67 %), and duration of extraction (6.84 hours) was obtained and further analyzed with antioxidant tests. Analyses showed the A. muricata leaves contained high total phenolic and flavonoid contents which corresponding to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity test. The DPPH result showed that the extract has the highest percentage of scavenging activity with the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of leaves is 0.243 mg/mL ± 0.001 nearly comparable to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ascorbic acid (Vit. C), which indicated that the leaves also have higher free radical scavenging activity compared to these commercial standards. Besides, the presence of primary; polysacharide (21.85 % ± 0.001), protein (19.59 % ± 0.000), glycosaponin (18.87 % ± 0.001) and secondary; phenolic (47.26 mg GAE/1g ± 0.001), flavonoid (22.12 mg CE/1g ± 0.001) metabolites in A. muricata leaves suggested that the leaves contained strong antioxidant properties that are believed can act as anticancer agent for the body

Green manufacturing practices (GMP) framework for local small and medium enterprises (SME) in Johor, Malaysia: a review on enablers and barriers and preliminary findings on critical factors

This study focuses mainly on Green Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for local small medium enterprises (SME) in the state of Johor, Malaysia. This review includes the enablers and barriers in GMP from previous studies in local and international contexts. Critical factors that affect GMP were also highlighted. It also points out relationships between enablers and barriers of GMP and measures the strengths and weaknesses of GMP. This paper also reviewed the implementation practices, issues and norms. The reviewed outcome will be a guide to formulate an effective framework for GMP in SME

Antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of Cordyceps militaris extracts against human colorectal cancer cell line

Cordyceps militaris is famous for its medicinal effects and variety of bioactivities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, or antitumor properties. The research’s objective is to look into the antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of C. militaris extract (CME) against normal human colorectal HT-29 cancer cell line. The effects of CME and fresh Cordyceps militaris (CM) on the antioxidant activities were determined using total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. The cytotoxic effects of various concentrations of CME on HT-29 cells were evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide test. From the results, CME displayed strong activity of DPPH (83.8%, inhibitory concentration = 0.60 mg/ml), TPC (160 ± 0.74 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g), and TFC (6.6 ± 1.13 mg rutin equivalent/100 g) relative to fresh CM. CME was found to be significantly more cytotoxic toward HT-29 cells with p < 0.001 in a dose-dependent manner with a cell growth inhibitory concentration of 50% of t1.53 mg/ml in contrast to cisplatin (3.11 mg/ml). The high antioxidant activities and cytotoxic effects of CME are probably due to the extract’s high phenolic and flavonoid content. According to this report, CME’s growth inhibitory activity on human HT-29 cells is driven by an apoptotic mechanism involved in it

Cytotoxic effect of Annona muricata Linn leaves extract on Capan-1 cells

Annona muricata Linn has been reported to contain valuable bioactive compounds known as Annonaceous acetogenins.Theselong chain fatty acids were widely discussed for its potential in promoting anticancer and anti-proliferative activity in various cancer cell lines. However, little study has been done on A. muricata effect in pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, the viability of Capan-1 after treatment with A. muricata extracts was determined by using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results displayed that only hexane and commercialized extract inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner with IC25 varied ~7.8-8μg/ml and ~0.9-1.0μg/ml respectively. The data demonstrate that A. muricata hexane and commercialized extracts induced mild cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1)

A Review of Dendrophthoe pentandra (Mistletoe): Phytomorphology, Extraction Techniques, Phytochemicals, and Biological Activities

Dendrophtoe pentandra, popularly known as mistletoe, is a semi-parasitic plant that can grow on many host plants and is native to Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia. D. pentandra is regarded as an unfavourable plant for an economically significant horticultural plant; however, D. pentandra is also regarded as a medicinal plant and is used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat coughs, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Scientific research has also found that this plant has significant potential for medical properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging properties. Numerous phytochemical compounds from D. pentandra extracts have been identified using extraction techniques such as maceration and reflux. Thus, this review aims to provide thorough information on phytomorphology, extraction techniques, phytochemicals, biological activities, and the future prospects of D. pentandra

A Review of <i>Dendrophthoe pentandra</i> (Mistletoe): Phytomorphology, Extraction Techniques, Phytochemicals, and Biological Activities

Dendrophtoe pentandra, popularly known as mistletoe, is a semi-parasitic plant that can grow on many host plants and is native to Southeast Asia, especially Malaysia. D. pentandra is regarded as an unfavourable plant for an economically significant horticultural plant; however, D. pentandra is also regarded as a medicinal plant and is used in traditional and alternative medicine to treat coughs, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Scientific research has also found that this plant has significant potential for medical properties such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-aging properties. Numerous phytochemical compounds from D. pentandra extracts have been identified using extraction techniques such as maceration and reflux. Thus, this review aims to provide thorough information on phytomorphology, extraction techniques, phytochemicals, biological activities, and the future prospects of D. pentandra