Morphological characteristics of black aspergilli isolated from clinical wastes

The present study aimed to recognize the microscopic characteristics of black aspergilli species which exhibit similar characteristics on culture media. Forty eight black aspergilli isolates were obtained from clinical wastes and purified using single spore technique on six different culture media. The ultrastructure of fungal conidiophore and spores was detected by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The fungal isolates were identified within five species included A. niger, A. tubingensis, Aspergillus section Nigri, A. violaceofuscus, A. neoniger. Besides, two isolates identified as Aspergillus sp. strain no. 39, Aspergillus sp. strain no. 53 appear as new strains based on the structure of conidiophore and spores. The fungi species have similar culture characteristics. However, SEM observation demonstrated that they have quite different conidiophore and spores morphology. The study revealed that the microstructure of the fungal spores and conidiophores plays an important role in the identification of fungi species based on the phenotypic method

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of constituents of pithecellobium jiringan seeds and their identification using time of flight gas spectrometry

Supercritical carbon dioxide was used as a solvent in the extraction of p. Jiringan jack seeds. Fast gas chromatography/ time of flight mass spectrometry (tof-gcms) performed the identification and quantification of the oil extract compounds. The aims of this work were to study the effect of supercritical condition on the global extraction yield and compound characterization at difference pressure of 20.68 mpa and 48.26 mpa and constant temperature of 70 o c during 100-minute extraction time. The highest percentage yield of 4.5 % was obtained at 48.26 mpa. By assigned the percentage of matching as 80%, total of 44 compounds were identified at both pressure of 48.26 mpa and 20.68 mpa, meanwhile the composition of oil extract was changes with extraction pressure. The major compounds extracted at both operating pressure were an essential oil, fatty acid, fatty acid methyl ester, the ally sulfur and the hydrocarbon and derivatives. At 20.68 mpa, the composition of essential oil compounds contributed for almost 58% of the oil constituents. The increased of pressure will be effect the profiling of the compounds. Group of ally sulfur could be extract only at 20.68 mpa, meanwhile the composition of squalene decrease with increasing of pressure. The compounds of long chain hydrocarbon and long chain fatty acids were present at 48.26 mpa but none at 20.68 mpa

Gas chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry for identification of compounds from parkia speciosa seeds extracted by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Parkia speciosa seeds chemical constituents that were obtained from Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2) extractions were analysed by Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC/TOF-MS). The SC-CO2 extraction was conducted at the interaction temperature and pressure of; 313 K/20.68 MPa; 353 K/20.68 MPa; 313 K/55.16 MPa and 353 K/ 55.16 MPa in the regime of 50 minutes extraction time. The analysis of compound was based on percentage of similarity and peak area of more than 75% and 0.1% respectively. Propanoic acid, 3, 3'-thiobis - didodecyl ester was present with highest percentage area in most sample condition. Other main compounds were linoleic acid chloride, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid and 2-Hexyl-1-decanol. Terpenoids compounds of ß-sitosterol and squalene were identified at all conditions, while some other compounds such as stigmasterol, lupeol and campesterol were identified only at certain condition. The analysis found 77 compounds in all of the extracted samples. The combination in chromatographic separation with an identification technique as in GC/TOFMS has made it possible to detect the variability obtained by different SC-CO2 extraction condition and separation of different chemical compounds in Parkia speciosa seeds

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of constituents of pithecellobin jiringan seed and their identification using time of flight gas spectrometry

Supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2) is a fluid state of carbon dioxide where it is held at or above its critical temperature and critical pressure. Carbon dioxide usually behaves as a gas in air at standard temperature and pressure (STP), or as a solid called dry ice when frozen

Extraction of djenkolic acid from pithecellobium jiringan seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Djenkolic acid (or sometimes jengkolic acid) is a sulfur-containing non-protein amino acid naturally found in djenkol beans of the South-East Asian legumes jengkol (Archidendron jiringa). The toxin consists of two cysteine radicals connected by a single carbon between the sulfur atoms. It is toxic to humans, often causing kidney failure

Cellulase Activity in Solid State Fermentation of Palm Kernel Cake with Trichoderma sp.

Aims: The effect of different types of fungal inocula to the cellulase activity measured on palm kernel cake (PKC) was studied. Methodology and Results: Isolate Pro-A1 which was identified as Trichoderma sp. was selected as a potential producer of cellulase via solid state fermentation technique (SSF). Two types of PKCs were used; raw PKC (containing residual oil) and defatted PKC. The PKCs were inoculated with different concentrations of conidia and varying amounts (g) of solid mycelia plugs (SMP) for SSF. The effect of ultrafiltered crude fungal filtrate (CFF) as inocula was also being tested. The highest cellulase activity of 2.454 FPU/mL was detected with 60% (wt/wt) SMP applied to the raw PKC. Conversely, 2.059 FPU/mL of cellulase activity was measured when 80% (wt/wt) of SMP was applied to the defatted PKC which is 62.3% higher than the untreated defatted PKC; and more than 100% increase in enzymatic activity compared to raw PKC. The cellulase activity in the SSF inoculated with 8 x 106 conidia /mL and 12 x 106 conidia /mL were 1.704 FPU/mL for raw PKC and 1.856 FPU/mL for defatted PKC, an enhancement of about 46% from uninoculated batch. Inoculation with CFF bears corresponding maximum improvement of the cellulase activity on both PKCs of 13.58% (raw) and 2.86% (defatted). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: The current study proves that Trichoderma sp. in the form of SMP can enhance the cellulase activity on PKCs effectively with more than 100% increment. Fungal conidia are also a better choice in enhancing cellulase activity of Trichoderma sp. permitted that the PKC used is devoid of oil. From this study, Trichoderma sp. holds the potential of converting lignocellulosic materials into products of commercial and industrial values such as glucose and other biofuels

Effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction parameters on virgin coconut oil yield and medium-chain triglyceride content

The extraction of coconut oil has been performed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The extractions were performed at pressure and temperature ranges of 20.7-34.5 MPa and 40-80 °C, respectively. It was observed that almost all (more than 99%) of the total oil could be extracted. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the effects of the parameters (pressure, temperature and CO2 consumption) on the extraction yield and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), in terms of the fatty acid content in the extracted oil. A correlation was established with p-values for both responses significant at the 95% confidence level

Optimizing the Isolation of Microfibrillated Bamboo in High Pressure Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Bleached bamboo fiber was treated with a high pressure enzymatic hydrolysis (HPEH) process in order to produce microfibrillated bamboo fiber (MBF). Mixture design of experiments was utilized to determine the optimal constituents of fiber, enzymes, and water for the HPEH process on the isolation yield of the MBF. Results showed the optimal combination for the maximal yield isolation of the MBF was 1 g fiber, 1 g enzyme, and 1 L water at 90 MPa and 70 °C. The influence of the reaction time of the HPEH process (6 to 48 h) was also evaluated in this study. Morphological and thermal property analyses of untreated and treated bamboo fibers revealed that the HPEH process was effective for removing non-cellulosic components from the fibers. Thus, the HPEH process is an effective method for the isolation of the MBF, with the benefits of elevated crystallinity and thermal stability