426 research outputs found
Spin injection and spin accumulation in permalloy-copper mesoscopic spin valves
We study the electrical injection and detection of spin currents in a lateral
spin valve device, using permalloy (Py) as ferromagnetic injecting and
detecting electrodes and copper (Cu) as non-magnetic metal. Our multi-terminal
geometry allows us to experimentally distinguish different magneto resistance
signals, being 1) the spin valve effect, 2) the anomalous magneto resistance
(AMR) effect and 3) Hall effects. We find that the AMR contribution of the Py
contacts can be much bigger than the amplitude of the spin valve effect, making
it impossible to observe the spin valve effect in a 'conventional' measurement
geometry. However, these 'contact' magneto resistance signals can be used to
monitor the magnetization reversal process, making it possible to determine the
magnetic switching fields of the Py contacts of the spin valve device. In a
'non local' spin valve measurement we are able to completely isolate the spin
valve signal and observe clear spin accumulation signals at T=4.2 K as well as
at room temperature. We obtain spin diffusion lengths in copper of 1 micrometer
and 350 nm at T=4.2 K and room temperature respectively.Comment: 8 pages (incl. figures), 7 figures, RevTex, conferenc
Brain computer interfaces as intelligent sensors for enhancing human-computer interaction
BCIs are traditionally conceived as a way to control apparatus, an interface that allows you to act on" external devices as a form of input control. We propose an alternative use of BCIs, that of monitoring users as an additional intelligent sensor to enrich traditional means of interaction. This vision is what we consider to be a grand challenge in the field of multimodal interaction. In this article, this challenge is introduced, related to existing work, and illustrated using some best practices and the contributions it has received
Dynamical Properties and Plasmon Dispersion of a Weakly Degenerate Correlated One-Component Plasma
Classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations for a one-component plasma
(OCP) are presented. Quantum effects are included in the form of the Kelbg
potential. Results for the dynamical structure factor are compared with the
Vlasov and RPA (random phase approximation) theories. The influence of the
coupling parameter , degeneracy parameter and the form
of the pair interaction on the optical plasmon dispersion is investigated. An
improved analytical approximation for the dispersion of Langmuir waves is
presented.Comment: 23 pages, includes 7 ps/eps-figures and 2 table
Statistical Mechanics of Vacancy and Interstitial Strings in Hexagonal Columnar Crystals
Columnar crystals contain defects in the form of vacancy/interstitial loops
or strings of vacancies and interstitials bounded by column ``heads'' and
``tails''. These defect strings are oriented by the columnar lattice and can
change size and shape by movement of the ends and forming kinks along the
length. Hence an analysis in terms of directed living polymers is appropriate
to study their size and shape distribution, volume fraction, etc. If the
entropy of transverse fluctuations overcomes the string line tension in the
crystalline phase, a string proliferation transition occurs, leading to a
supersolid phase. We estimate the wandering entropy and examine the behaviour
in the transition regime. We also calculate numerically the line tension of
various species of vacancies and interstitials in a triangular lattice for
power-law potentials as well as for a modified Bessel function interaction
between columns as occurs in the case of flux lines in type-II superconductors
or long polyelectrolytes in an ionic solution. We find that the centered
interstitial is the lowest energy defect for a very wide range of interactions;
the symmetric vacancy is preferred only for extremely short interaction ranges.Comment: 22 pages (revtex), 15 figures (encapsulated postscript
Crystal structures and freezing of dipolar fluids
We investigate the crystal structure of classical systems of spherical
particles with an embedded point dipole at T=0. The ferroelectric ground state
energy is calculated using generalizations of the Ewald summation technique.
Due to the reduced symmetry compared to the nonpolar case the crystals are
never strictly cubic. For the Stockmayer (i.e., Lennard-Jones plus dipolar)
interaction three phases are found upon increasing the dipole moment:
hexagonal, body-centered orthorhombic, and body-centered tetragonal. An even
richer phase diagram arises for dipolar soft spheres with a purely repulsive
inverse power law potential . A crossover between qualitatively
different sequences of phases occurs near the exponent . The results are
applicable to electro- and magnetorheological fluids. In addition to the exact
ground state analysis we study freezing of the Stockmayer fluid by
density-functional theory.Comment: submitted to Phys. Rev.
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Investigation of finger reflectance photoplethysmography in volunteers undergoing a local sympathetic stimulation
Optical sensors used in clinical applications have gained great popularity over the last few decades, especially the photoplethysmographic (PPG) technique used in estimating arterial blood oxygen saturation in the well-known medical devices called pulse oximeters. In this study we investigate the photoplethysmogram further in an effort to understand its origin better, as there is a significant void in the current knowledge on the PPG quantitative measurement. The photoplethysmographic signal provides a heart rhythm pulsating AC component, and a non-pulsating DC component. The signal is commonly believed to originate from tissue volume changes only and hasn't been investigated intensively. This in vivo study examines the source of the PPG signal in relation to pulse amplitude and pulse rhythm while volunteers undergo a right hand ice immersion. It was found that the PPG signal is sensitive in detecting the sympathetic stimulation which corresponds to volumetric and heart rate changes. During the immersion, AC pulse amplitudes (PA) from both hands decreased significantly, while DC levels increased significantly in the right hand and non-significantly in the left hand. Also, a significant decrease in the pulse repetition time (PRT) was observed. Using blood pressure-flow theories, these results suggest that there are possibly other factors in the blood flow regulation that alter the blood optical density which contributes to the detected signal. Further studies need to investigate PPGs in relation to blood optical density and the dynamics of the pulsatile flow effects besides volumetric changes. Such investigations might explore further applications of the PPG in medicine
Harmonic Solid Theory of Photoluminescence in the High Field Two-Dimensional Wigner Crystal
Motivated by recent experiments on radiative recombination of two-dimensional
electrons in acceptor doped GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunctions as well as the success
of a harmonic solid model in describing tunneling between two-dimensional
electron systems, we calculate within the harmonic approximation and the time
dependent perturbation theory the line shape of the photoluminescence spectrum
corresponding to the recombination of an electron with a hole bound to an
acceptor atom. The recombination process is modeled as a sudden perturbation of
the Hamiltonian for the in-plane degrees of freedom of the electron. We include
in the perturbation, in addition to changes in the equilibrium positions of
electrons, changes in the curvatures of the harmonically approximated
potential. The computed spectra have line shapes similar to that seen in a
recent experiment. The spectral width, however, is roughly a factor of 3
smaller than that seen in experiment if one assumes a perfect Wigner crystal
for the initial state state of the system, whereas a simple random disorder
model yields a width a factor of 3 too large. We speculate on the possible
mechanisms that may lead to better quantitative agreement with experiment.Comment: 22 pages, RevTex, 8 figures. Submitted to the Physical Review
Laser Doppler Flowmetry Combined with Spectroscopy to Determine Peripheral Tissue Perfusion and Oxygen Saturation:A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers and Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Background: In this study, we assessed the ability of the EPOS system (Perimed AB, Jarfalla, Stockholm, Sweden) to detect differences in tissue perfusion between healthy volunteers and patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) with different severity of disease. Methods: This singlecenter prospective pilot study included 10 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with PAD scheduled for endovascular therapy (EVT). EPOS measurements were performed at rest at 32 degrees C and 44 degrees C, followed by transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPo2) measurements. The measurements were performed on the dorsal and medial side of the foot, as well as the lateral side of the calf. EPOS parameters included hemoglobin oxygen saturation (HbSO(2)) and speed-resolved red blood cell (RBC) perfusion. Results: HbSO(2) at 44 degrees C was significantly different between the three groups for all measurement locations. The overall speed-resolved RBC perfusion at 44 degrees C was statistically significant between the groups on the dorsal and medial side of the foot but not on the calf. TcPO2 values were not significantly different between the three groups. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the EPOS system can depict differences in tissue perfusion between healthy volunteers, patients with Fontaine class IIb PAD, and those with Fontaine class III or IV PAD but only after heating to 44 degrees C
Determination of Changes in Tissue Perfusion at Home with Hyperspectral and Thermal Imaging in the First Six Weeks after Endovascular Therapy in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
The aims of this study were to assess changes in tissue perfusion up to 6 weeks after endovascular therapy (EVT), in hospital and at home, and to determine differences in tissue perfusion between patients with and without clinical improvement or good angiographic result. This single-center prospective cohort study included patients undergoing EVT for Rutherford stages two to six. Hyperspectral and thermal imaging were performed at the dorsal and plantar sides of the foot. These measurements consisted of a baseline measurement pre-EVT, and six follow-up measurements obtained at 1 and 4 h and 6 weeks in hospital, and 1 day, 7 days, and 14 days at home. Clinical improvement was defined as a decrease of one or more Rutherford class or decrease in the wound surface area and a good angiographic result was accomplished when a Transatlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of PAD II C or D lesion was treated and uninterrupted flow continued in at least one below-the-knee artery in continuation with the inframalleolar arteries. The study included 34 patients with 41 treated limbs. Deoxyhemoglobin values were lower 1 h post-EVT compared with baseline and increased over time up to 6 weeks post-EVT. Significant differences in deoxyhemoglobin levels at 7 and 14 days post-EVT were determined between patients with and without clinical or angiographic success. This prospective pilot study shows the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging and thermal imaging post-EVT at home, which may decrease the need for hospital visits
Predicting mental imagery based BCI performance from personality, cognitive profile and neurophysiological patterns
Mental-Imagery based Brain-Computer Interfaces (MI-BCIs) allow their users to send commands
to a computer using their brain-activity alone (typically measured by ElectroEncephaloGraphy—
EEG), which is processed while they perform specific mental tasks. While very
promising, MI-BCIs remain barely used outside laboratories because of the difficulty
encountered by users to control them. Indeed, although some users obtain good control
performances after training, a substantial proportion remains unable to reliably control an
MI-BCI. This huge variability in user-performance led the community to look for predictors of
MI-BCI control ability. However, these predictors were only explored for motor-imagery
based BCIs, and mostly for a single training session per subject. In this study, 18 participants
were instructed to learn to control an EEG-based MI-BCI by performing 3 MI-tasks, 2
of which were non-motor tasks, across 6 training sessions, on 6 different days. Relationships
between the participants’ BCI control performances and their personality, cognitive
profile and neurophysiological markers were explored. While no relevant relationships with
neurophysiological markers were found, strong correlations between MI-BCI performances
and mental-rotation scores (reflecting spatial abilities) were revealed. Also, a predictive
model of MI-BCI performance based on psychometric questionnaire scores was proposed.
A leave-one-subject-out cross validation process revealed the stability and reliability of this
model: it enabled to predict participants’ performance with a mean error of less than 3
points. This study determined how users’ profiles impact their MI-BCI control ability and
thus clears the way for designing novel MI-BCI training protocols, adapted to the profile of
each user
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